Daniel Varga - The Roman Wars in Spain

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First published in 2015 by
Pen and Sword Military

An imprint of
Pen & Sword Books Ltd
47 Church Street
Barnsley
South Yorkshire
S70 2AS

Copyright Daniel Varga 2015

ISBN: 978 1 47382 781 3
EPUB ISBN: 978 1 47386 094 0
PRC ISBN: 978 1 47386 093 3

The right of Daniel Varga to be identified as Author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in
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Contents

Acknowledgements

This book was made possible by the support and assistance of a number of people whom I would like to thank. I am deeply indebted to my lovely wife Raia, my children Barak, Michal and Arik, my parents for their devoted education and full support of my studies throughout the years. I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Lucien Poznanski, for his tight and practical guidance throughout my doctorate studies; my thanks to Prof. Yulia Ustinova and Prof. Steve Rosen for their support, attention and helpful comments.

To my directors Dr. Dov Nachlieli and Dr. Ygael Israel, thank you for your unreserved support, without which I would have not completed my doctorate and this book; I would also like to thank Ms. Shlomit Handelsman for the linguistic editing, Ms. Avital Sampson-Mofaz for the translation into English, Dr. Ianir Milevski for his devoted help in the proofreading of the text, and to all of my friends and colleagues. My thanks also to Juan Valdes Sierra director Museo de Caceres, Dr. David Bea Castao and Prof. Fernando Quesada Sanz for kindly giving materials for this book.

List of Abbreviations

AEspA	Archivo Espaol de Arqueologa
AJPh	American Journal of Philology
BAR	British Archaeological Reports
BSAA	Boletn del Seminario de Estudios de arte y Arqueologa
Cl. Phil.	Classical Philology
Complutum	Publicaciones del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad Complutence
CuPUAM	Cuadernos de Prehistoria de la Universidad Autnoma de Madrid
Geron	Revista de Historia Antigua
Gladius	Estudios Sobre Armas Antiguas, Armamento, Arte Militar y Cultura en Oriente y Occidente
Habis	Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, Arqueologa, Filologa Clsica
Hist.Ant	Historia Antigua
Hispaa	Revista Espaola de Historia
JRA	Journal of Roman Archaeology
JRMS	Journal of Roman Military Studies
JRES	Journal of Roman Equipment Studies
JRS	Journal of Roman Studies
Klio	Beitrage zur alten Geschichte
Latomus	Revue dtudes latines
MB	Madrider Beitrage
MemHistAnt	Memorias de Historias Antiguas
OxFJA	Oxford Journal of Archaeology
Paleohispanica	Revista Sobre Lenguas y Culturas de la Hispania Antigua
PALLAS	Revue dtudes antiques
ProcSocAntiqScot.	Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
RPA	Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia

Guerrilla Warfare

Guerrilla is a word of Spanish origin, which means a small war. Nowadays, we are witnesses of conflicts in which guerrilla warfare is used quite successfully: in Iraq and Afghanistan, especially against the American army and its allies.

The term guerrilla is a modern term, originating in Spain of the nineteenth century, when it was used in the context of fighting the French occupying armies, led by Napoleon. However, we know that guerrilla warfare, as a phenomenon, already existed in different locations in the ancient world.

Gann indicates that there is a variety of warfare situations in which guerrilla tactics are used. These include fighting against an occupying force, fighting between different tribes, and small-scale and specific operations as part of a large-scale war, in parallel with a conventional war. As early as the third century BC, the Chinese commander Sun-Tzu wrote about guerrilla warfare. The Hasmoneans used it against the Seleucid forces in the second century BC.

Though this is a well-known phenomenon, to date no extensive research has been conducted about the use of guerrilla warfare in conflicts that preceded the Second World War. On the other hand, a lot has been written about guerrilla warfare in the 1940s-1970s in Latin America, Asia and Africa.

This book is focused on the period during which the Roman Republic attempted to conquer the Iberian Peninsula (207-19 BC); the Roman army had to face an enemy that employed different combat methods, including some unconventional ones (guerrilla warfare).

Research Methods and Objectives

The book is based on two pillars: the first is history (literary sources and historical research), and the other is archaeological research. Archaeology is extremely important in understanding the techniques of the armies that took part in the Hispanic wars both Roman and those of the local peoples, as well as their different components.

The ancient sources did not elaborate on military issues, either due to a lack of interest or as a result of a lack of understanding of this subject. Even sites of famous battles such as Cannae or Zama are not precisely identified.

The archaeological research published in the last two decades in Spain and Portugal complement the picture of the Hispanic wars. Battlefield Archaeology, which is a new area in archaeological research, used in Spain and Portugal, enables a high-resolution analysis of battlefield sites, which leads to more accurate conclusions. Since a battle is a one-time event, it produces a picture frozen in time, along with all its inherent advantages and disadvantages. This new area of research supplements the study of army camps, fortifications, and burial grounds in particular.

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