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Melvyn Bragg - William Tyndale: A Very Brief History

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Melvyn Bragg William Tyndale: A Very Brief History
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WILLIAM
TYNDALE
Contents
Part 1
THE HISTORY
Part 2
THE LEGACY
Many of the contributors to this series are academics. I am not.
My interest in Tyndale followed a personal and winding road. I came across him, unconsciously of course, when I heard extracts from the King James Bible read out twice on Sundays in the Anglican church in which I was a choirboy and five mornings a week in the assembly at the local grammar school. I did not realize how deeply Tyndale was implanted in the prose: phrases which remain with me in the last lap of my life.
I first understood his influence on the Authorized Version when I wrote a history of the English language called The Adventure of English (2003). I had turned to the King James Bible as a key part of the Adventure and it was here that I became fully aware of William Tyndales contribution. I was amazed and intrigued by this and became and remain very affected by the man himself. In my view he has claim to be one of the very greatest Englishmen.
This admiration continued into another book of mine called Twelve Books That Changed the World (2006) (I should have subtitled it, by British authors). Again there was the King James Bible and again there was much Tyndale.
With Anna Cox, a prize-winning BBC producer, I made a film about Tyndale (2013). On transmission, despite Tyndales general low profile in this country and the very modest pre-publicity, it was put out at a good time on a Thursday evening (9 p.m.) and to everyones astonishment it got a bigger audience than BBC1 and it was a close-run thing with ITV. The appetite for Tyndale it seemed was out there.
My research, then, was done along the way. For those books and programmes, I am grateful to Dr John Guy of Cambridge University, mentioned in the text; and Nasim Tadghighi (University of Bristol), who spoke about practice of prelates and the the obedience of a Christian man. There are also a couple we filmed who did not make the final cut but were invaluable: Dr David Harry (Late Medieval historian and visiting lecturer at Chester University), who talked in great detail about Foxe, and Guido Latre, our guide for the film in Antwerp and a passionate disciple of Tyndale. Guido is the Professor of English Literature and Culture at the University of Louvain.
There were also contributions from Anna Cox herself and those she worked with in the BBC.
But my chief source and rock was David Daniells William Tyndale: A Biography (1993). This is a quite magnificent work and I was greatly indebted to it throughout.
Inside the book I credit all the main sources as I go along, for example, Foxes Book of Martyrs , or where not that work, his Acts and Monuments . The quotes from Tyndale himself are flagged as coming from either a prologue or a preface or one of his essays. Thomas Cromwells letters and Stephen Vaughans replies and reports are flagged, as are sources for conversations in the West Country in Tyndales early years, especially those of Richard Webb of Chipping Sodbury.
I am also, as so often, grateful to my friend Julia Matheson for her invaluable support.
1494
Born in Melksham Court, Stinchcombe, Gloucestershire. The family also went by the name Hychyns (Hitchins), and had moved from Northumberland in the fifteenth century. It was wealthy and well-connected.
1506
Went to Magdalen College School. From there he moved to Magdalen College, Oxford University, to begin a Bachelor of Arts degree.
1512
Received his BA. Became a sub-deacon.
1515
Made a Master of Arts. This allowed him to start to study theology. He showed an exceptional talent as a linguist.
151721
Went to Cambridge. Erasmus had studied there and, although he had left in 1512, his influence, particularly his Greek New Testament (1515), was strong. In 1517 Luthers theses of condemnation of the Roman Catholic Church put Europe in an uproar. In 1521 Wolsey burned Luthers works in London.
1521
Tyndale became chaplain at the house of Sir John Walsh at Little Sodbury and tutor to his children. He pursued his study of Greek and may have begun translating the New Testament into English. He preached in public. His opinions were controversial.
1522
Summoned before John Ball, Chancellor of the Diocese of Worcester, for alleged heretical opinions. The accusation was dropped after a dramatic and demeaning trial.
1523
Tyndale moved to London to look for work and the conditions in which he could translate the Bible into English. The Bishop of London, Cuthbert Tunstall, offered him no encouragement, and after a year in London, with the help of a family connection in the wool trade, and during which time he lectured and worked alone, he realized there would be no work for him in London.
1524
Tyndale left London for Europe, possibly going to Wittenberg.
1525
Completed his translation of the New Testament. Its publication by Peter Quentell in Cologne was interrupted by men in the pay of Henry VIIIs court.
1526
Tyndale fled to Worms, and his New Testament was published by Peter Schoeffer. It was smuggled into England and Scotland amid growing anti-Lutheranism. Tyndale was seen as a dangerous Lutheran. Copies of the book were burned in public by Bishop Tunstall, and Cardinal Wolsey condemned Tyndale as a heretic.
1527
Published The Parable of the Wicked Mammon , which further inflamed the English establishment.
1528
Published The Obedience of a Christian Man , which was much appreciated by Henry VIII, introduced to it by Anne Boleyn.
1530
Published The Practice of Prelates , which opposed Henry VIIIs planned annulment of his marriage to Katherine of Aragon. Henry asked Emperor Charles V to have Tyndale arrested and returned to England. Studied Hebrew.
153034
Thomas Cromwell made attempts to persuade Tyndale to return. Tyndale involved in a lengthy and incendiary quarrel and correspondence with Sir Thomas More. Living in Antwerp, working on the Old Testament, learning Hebrew, revising the New Testament, which was published in 1534.
1535
Tyndale was seized by the imperial authorities in Antwerp, having been betrayed by Henry Phillips, and imprisoned in Vilvoorde Castle near Brussels.
1535
Coverdales Bible (in English) was published in London, the first of many Tyndale-dependent versions which peaked in the King James Bible in 1611. Over 90 per cent of the New Testament in that Bible was Tyndales work, and more than 80 per cent in the books of the Old Testament translated by Tyndale.
1536
Tyndale was tried on a charge of heresy and condemned to death. On 6 October Tyndale was strangled to death while tied to the stake and his body was burned. His last words were, Lord, open the King of Englands eyes!
Part 1
On the morning of 6 October 1536, a frail scholar was taken from a dungeon in the castle at Vilvoorde, just north of Brussels. Armed guards kept the crowds at bay as he was led through the streets of the small town. He was to be strangled, then burned. The funeral pyre, a wigwam stack of planks surmounted by a cross, was ready. Gunpowder would be thrown on the wood to encourage the flames. He was allowed a few moments of prayer. As a priest, prayer had been the keystone of his faith. After the brief pause, he walked up the steps to be tied to the cross. As he waited for the flames, he called out, Lord, open the King of Englands eyes!
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