H. R. Wilton Hall - Social Life in England Through the Centuries

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Transcriber's note:
Minor spelling inconsistencies, mainly hyphenated words, have been harmonized. Obvious typos have been corrected. A "List of Illustrations and Diagrams" has been added so as to include the illustrations and diagrams not in the "List of Plates." Please see the end of this book for further notes.

Health and Beauty in Modern Town Planning

A street in the Hampstead Garden Suburb, London, N.W.

SOCIAL LIFE
IN ENGLAND
THROUGH THE CENTURIES

BY

H. R. WILTON HALL
Library Curator, Hertfordshire County Museum;
Sub-Librarian, St. Alban's Cathedral; Author of
"Hertfordshire: a Reading-book of the County"
&c.

BLACKIE AND SON LIMITED
50 OLD BAILEY LONDON
GLASGOW AND BOMBAY
1920

PREFACE

---

In the course of the last ten or twelve years there has been a very marked development of interest in local history, and with it a desire not merely to "know more about the past" but a desire to appreciate intelligently the real value of those things, still to be seen, which speak of the gradual building up of the social life of the Nation, which rightly handled will play an important part in the work of reconstruction pressing upon us now, with its enormous difficulties and anxieties.

Much has been done in schools of all grades to utilize the material at handthe things which can be seen in the localityas an educational medium, opening out great possibilities for the development of curiosity, interest, personality, and power of initiative on the part of the children which, though it may not seem to yield any immediate results which can be appraised by examination methods on the lines of any "Syllabus", are "neither barren nor unfruitful".

Just now there are a number of schemes in the air for the institution of "Regional Survey" in schools, and a tendency amongst enthusiasts to get it put into school time-tables as a Syllabus Subject. However admirable the intention may be, and is, it is not as a Subject, but rather as a method in education, that its real value lies. "Regional Study" embraces so many subjects and they cannot be enterprised all at once, either by children or by anybody else.

This little book is intended to be suggestive, to stimulate interest and an intelligent curiosity, but it may serve as a foundation for conversational or more formal lessons and investigations under the teacher's direction, as his personal predilection, opportunities, taste, and judgment shall determine.

In the work of "Regional Study", where carried on with discrimination and with a commonsense apprehension of "relative values" it may be truly said:

"Nothing useless is, or low;

Each thing in its place is best;

And what seems but idle show,

Strengthens and supports the rest".

H. R. W. H.

Hertfordshire County Museum ,
St. Alban's , September, 1919.

CONTENTS

Chap.	Page
I.	Introduction
II.	Men who lived in Caves and Pits
III.	The Pit-dwellers
IV.	Earthworks, Mounds, Barrows, &c.
V.	In Roman Times
VI.	Early Saxon Times
VII.	Early Saxon Villages
VIII.	Anglo-Saxon Tuns and Vills
IX.	Tythings and HundredsShires
X.	The Early English Town
XI.	In Early Christian Times
XII.	Monasteries
XIII.	Towns and Villages in the Time of Cnut the Dane
XIV.	Churches and Monasteries in Danish and Later Saxon Times
XV.	Later Saxon Times
XVI.	In Norman Times
XVII.	In Norman Times (continued)
XVIII.	In Norman Times: The Churches
XIX.	Castles
XX.	Castles and Towns
XXI.	In Norman Times: The Monasteries
XXII.	Early Houses
XXIII.	Early Houses (continued)
XXIV.	Early Town Houses
XXV.	Life in the Towns of the Middle Ages
XXVI.	The Growing Power of the Towns
XXVII.	The Villages, Manors, Parishes, and Parks
XXVIII.	Traces of Early Times in the Churches
XXIX.	Traces of Early Times in the Churches (continued)
XXX.	Clerks
XXXI.	Fairs
XXXII.	Markets
XXXIII.	Schools
XXXIV.	Universities
XXXV.	Changes brought about by the Black Death
XXXVI.	Wool
XXXVII.	The Poor
XXXVIII	Changes in Houses and House-building
XXXIX.	The Ruins of the Monasteries and the New Buildings
XL.	The New House of the Time of Queen Elizabeth
XLI.	Larger Elizabethan and Jacobean Houses
XLII.	Churches after the Reformation
XLIII.	class="smcap">Building after the Restoration: Houses
XLIV.	Building after the Restoration: Churches
XLV.	Schools after the Reformation
XLVI.	Apprentices
XLVII.	Play
XLVIII.	Roads
XLIX.	RoadsRailways
L.	Government
LI.	Some Changes

LIST OF PLATES

Page
Frontispiece
Implements and Ornaments of Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages	8
13
20
28
37
57
72
88
105
120
137
157
164
172
181

ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

5
10
12
12
Dolmen at Plas Newydd, Anglesea. The scene of Druidical religious rites	14
18
Saxon Brooch found at Abingdon, made of gold encrusted with coloured glass	23
23
Ploughing. From an old Saxon Calendar in the British Museum	31
40
Agriculture. From an eleventh-century manuscript in the British Museum	43
Ploughing. From an eleventh-century manuscript in the British Museum	45
47
49
51
55
56
57
Norman Capital, St. Bartholomew's Priory Church, London	57
59
60
63
65
67
68
71
72
74
Shop of the Middle Ages now standing in Foregate Street, Chester	77
A Cradle of the Fourteenth Century now in a London Museum

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