Shin-Yi Chao - Daoist Ritual, State Religion, and Popular Practices: Zhenwu Worship from Song to Ming (960-1644)

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Daoist Ritual, State Religion, and Popular Practice

Zhenwu, or the Perfected Warrior, is one of the few Chinese Deities that can rightfully claim a countrywide devotion. Religious specialists, lay devotees, the state machine, and the cultural industry all participated, both collaboratively and competitively, in the evolution of this devotional movement. This book centers on the development and transformation of the godhead of Zhenwu, as well as the devotional movement focused on him. Organized chronologically following the development of Zhenwu worship in Daoist ritual, state religion, and popular practice, it looks at the changes in the way Zhenwu was perceived and the historical context in which those changes took place.

The author investigates the complicated means by which various social and political groups contested with each other in appropriating cultural-religious symbols. The question at the core of the book is how, in a given historical context, human agency and social structures shape the religious world to which they profess devotion. The work offers a holistic approach to religion in a period of Chinese history when central, local, official, clerical, and popular power are constantly negotiating and reshaping established values.

Shin-yi Chao is Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religion at Rutgers University, Camden campus, US. Her research focuses on Daoism and Chinese popular religion in pre-modern and modern times.

Routledge Studies in Taoism

Series Editors : T.H. Barrett, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Russell Kirkland, University of Georgia; Benjamin Penny, Australian National University and Monica Esposito, Kyoto University

The Routledge Studies in Taoism series publishes books of high scholarly standards. The series includesmonographic studies, surveys and annotated translations of primary sources and technical reference works with a wide scope. Occasionally, translations of books first published in other languages might also be considered for inclusion in the series.

Daoism in History

Essays in Honour of Liu Tsun-yan

Edited by Benjamin Penny

Daoist Ritual, State Religion, and Popular Practice

Zhenwu Worship from Song to Ming (9601644)

Shin-yi Chao

Daoist Ritual, State Religion,
and Popular Practice

Zhenwu Worship from Song to Ming
(9601644)

Shin-yi Chao

First published 2011

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2011 Shin-yi Chao

The right of Shin-yi Chao to be identified as author of this work has been

asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,

Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now

known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in

any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing

from the publishers.

Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or

registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and

explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chao, Shin-yi.

Daoist ritual, state religion, and popular practice : Zhenwu worship from

Song to Ming (9601644) / Shin-yi Chao.

p. cm. -- (Routledge Studies in Taoism)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-415-78066-7 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-0-203-81783-4 (ebook) 1. Taoism--China--History.

2. God (Chinese religion) 3. China--Religious life and customs. I. Title. II. Title: Zhenwu worship from

Song to Ming (9601644).

BL1910.C45 2011

299.5'14211--dc22

2010047721

ISBN13: 978-0-415-78066-7 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978-0-203-81783-4 (ebk)

Printed and bound in Great Britain by

To my parents,
Chao Chi-lin and Tseng Su-chen

Contents

1

2

3

4

5

Figures and tables

Figures
I.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Tables
3.1
4.1
4.2

T.H. Barrett11School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London; Russell Kirkland, University of Georgia; Benjamin Penny, Australian National University and Monica Esposito, Kyoto University

Routledge Studies in Taoism

The Routledge Studies in Taoism series publishes books of high scholarly standards. The series includes monographic studies, surveys and annotated translations of primary sources and technical reference works with a wide scope. Occasionally, translations of books first published in other languages might also be considered for inclusion in the series.

Abbreviations

ZHDZ	Zhonghua Daozang , edited and punctuated by Zhang Jiyu et al. (Beijing: Huaxia chubanshe and Zhongguo Daojiao xiehui, 2004). The code following ZHDZ refers to volume, page, and column numbers.
SKQS	Wenyuange Siku quanshu , online digital edition (Hong Kong: Dizhi wenhua shiye youxian gongsi, 2007).
SBCK	Sibu congkan , Electronic edition (Taipei: Transmission and Microinfo co., LTD., 2001).
TC	The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang , ed. Kristofer Schipper and Verellen Franciscus (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004). The number following TC indicate the sequential number assigned to the text in question in the companion.

Chronology

Spring and Autumn Period, 770 BCE476 BCE

Warring States Period, 475 BCE 221 BCE

Qin Dynasty, 220 BCE 206 BCE

Han Dynasty, 202 BCECE 220

Three Kingdoms Period, CE 220CE 280

Jin Dynasty, CE 265CE 420

16 Kingdoms Period, CE 304 CE 439

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