Michael Lynch - Scotland: a New History

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First published by Century Ltd 1991
Pimlico edition, published with revisions, 1992
Reprinted 1992, 1993, 1994 (twice), 1995 (twice), 1996,
1997 (twice), 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

Michael Lynch 1991, 1992

The right of Michael Lynch to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publishers prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

ISBN 9780712698931

To Brigid, James and Deobrah

Michael Lynch, who was born in Aberdeen and is a graduate of the Universities of Aberdeen and London, has taught in the University of Wales and is now Senior Lecturer in the Department of Scottish History at the University of Edinburgh. He has published books on Edinburgh and the Reformation, Mary, Queen of Scots, and Scottish burghs in both the medieval and early modern periods, as well as articles on a range of topics from intellectual to economic history. He is past editor of the ecclesiastical history journal, The Innes Review, and literary editor of the Scottish History Society.

Detail of Matthew Pariss map of Britain (c. 1250)

David I and his successor, the young Malcolm IV

James II, the first contemporary portrait of a Scottish king, by Jrg von Ehingen (1450s)

Columbas Brecbennach

A sixteenth-century statue of St Andrew

The Fetternear Banner

Earliest view of Edinburgh (1544)

Plan of Edinburgh (1773), incorporating James Craigs plan (1767)

Statue of John Knox in New College, Edinburgh

First page of Knoxs History of the Reformation

Albion Street, Aberdeen (c. 1850)

Early twentieth-century banner of Portobello True Blues

The barbarian Scot: English propaganda (1745)

Designs for a Union flag, 1603-06

A Ross-shire celebration of Queen Victorias jubilee

Aberdour cabinetmakers under an arch of Empire (1902)

Some of the 800 Highland mercenaries, in the army of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, at Stettin (1630)

A recruiting poster for the Gordon Highlanders, produced in 1870 but used until the First World War

Soldiers in the Black Watch, a British regiment, in 1743, wearing a dark green government tartan

A 1932 Scott centenary programme, illustrating characters from the Waverley novels

A Highland Clearance, North Uist, 1890

Blantyre miners and pithead girls, 1898

Postcard of Willie Gallacher, Clydesider (c. 1915)

A Brechin ploughman, the aristocrat of rural labour

A fixed-term feeing contract for farm servants and harvesters, 1871

Rosyth, Scotlands first garden city, built for munitions workers in the First World War

Glasgow tenement scene in the 1950s

Bessie Watson, suffragette, aged nine

An unusual domestic scene, East Wemyss, c. 1900

Leith tram conductresses and driver during the First World War

Reids Court: a portrait by Patrick Geddes, pioneer of town planning, of the two classes of children in Edinburghs Old Town, c. 1910

One of the legends of Scotlands national game John Thomson, goalkeeper for Celtic, c. 1930

British Museum 13

Corson Collection, Edinburgh University Library 19b

Dunfermline District Libraries and Museums Department 25

Edinburgh City Museums 12, 27, 29

Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery 28, 31

National Library of Scotland 2, 14

Patrick Geddes Centre for Planning Studies, University of Edinburgh 30

Royal Museum of Scotland 5a, 5b

School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh, 17, 19a

Scottish Ethnological Archive, National Museums of Scotland 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26

Scottish National Portrait Gallery 3

Scottish Record Office 7

Sir William Fraser collection, University of Edinburgh 9

Particular thanks go to Elaine Finnie of the Peoples Story; Dorothy Kidd of the Country Life Section, National Museums of Scotland; Sophie Leonard of the Patrick Geddes Centre; and Elspeth Yeo of the National Library of Scotland

Early Scotland, after Ptolemy

The Scots of Dalriada

Provinces and territories in early Scotland

Motte-and-bailey castles in twelfth-century Scotland*

Lordship of the Isles 1284-1493*

Dioceses of the medieval Church*

The 1745 Campaign

* These maps are reproduced from An Historical Atlas of Scotland c.400-c.1600, edited by Peter McNeill and Ranald Nicholson, with the permission of the Trustees of the Conference of Scottish Medievalists.

In a book which has taken so long as this has to write my debts are many. My particular thanks go to Owen Dudley Edwards, whose idea it first was, and to Euan Cameron of Century, who as editor has been a model of tact and the art of gentle persuasion throughout. The publishers are to be warmly thanked for agreeing that the first full-length one-volume history of Scotland to appear for over twenty years should have full reference notes, to reflect the work which has appeared since then. I am most grateful to Duncan McAra, whose contribution as an editorial consultant has been invaluable. My thanks also go to the staff of Edinburgh University Library and of the National Library of Scotland, who have been both courteous and efficient in their dealings with a demanding reader. I owe an especial debt to the staff of the Computer Services Department of Edinburgh University for their work in translation of disks of the text and to Ray Harris for his drawing of four of the maps. I also have pleasure in acknowledging with thanks the permission of the Trustees of the Conference of Scottish Medievalists to reproduce three of the maps.

In the time which I have spent teaching and studying Scottish history at Edinburgh University, I have benefited immeasurably from the help, advice and scholarship of my colleagues, both within the Department of Scottish History and beyond. Professor Geoffrey Barrow and Dr John Durkan have both been inexhaustible providers of answers to a barrage of queries, always given with their matchless grace and good humour. Dr John Bannerman, Dr David Brown, Dr Richard Finlay, Dr Julian Goodare, Dr Norman Macdougall and John Simpson have all been unfailingly generous with their time and have read substantial parts of the text. Errors of fact or interpretation which remain are indelibly my own. Dr Frank Bardgett, Dr James Brown, Charles Burnett, Dr Helen Dingwall, Dr Mark Loughlin, Professor Alasdair MacDonald, Dr Maureen Meikle, Dr Pat Torrie, Dr Michael Yellowlees and Dr Allan White OP will all recognise where they have influenced this book and I am glad to acknowledge a special debt to them. Mrs Doris Williamson has played a vital role in protecting a harassed author from his own inefficiencies; without her consistent help this book would not have been written.