Francesco Puerari - The Basics of Iridology: Iris Patterns (The Basics of Iridology 1 - Iris Patterns)

Francesco Puerari

The basics of Iridology

Iris Patterns

SUMMARY

About the author

The author. Francesco Puerari MD has worked in an Italian General Hospitals Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit for 34 years. He as earned at the University of Pavia several postgraduate specializations (Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Dietetics and Nutrition, Medical Toxicology, Neurology). All along his professional life, he has also attended complementary medicine resources (Iridology and Homeopathy).

Work Plan

This is the first of three textbooks on Iridology, a discipline focused on analyzing the information given by the colored part of the eye called iris.
It will describe the morphological variants of the iris (Iris patterns).
The second textbook will focus on a detailed description of the organs projections on the iris (Maps).
Finally, the third textbook will be dedicated to the signs of unbalance collected from the iris (Markings).

Acknowledgements

I want to thank the masters of Iridology E. Ratti, F. Minisini, J. Karl, W. Hauser, R. Stolz, A. A. Sartorelli, L. Birello and the Italian Iridology Association (ASSIRI).

Copyright

Copyright 2013 by Francesco Puerari
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or by any information storage or retrieval system without the written permission of the author/publisher.
Published by:
Francesco Puerari
www.irispatterns.it
ISBN: 978-1-60458-4431-1

Iridology a definition

Iridology studies the colored portion of the eye named iris.
The iris is a highly innervated organ, which is stimulated both by the external environment as well as by the body.
The structure of the iris mirrors the individual constitution: illnesses, harmful habits and aging can alter it.
The iris analysis completes medical practice by supplying data on constitution, nervous response, damages caused by aging, illnesses and familiarity.
Iridology is a discipline that enriches traditional investigations. It collects signs. It does not provide diagnosis.

This book is an information source only. It does not provide advice for self-diagnosis or self-prescription and treatment.

Iris and Pupil

Pupils dimension influence the shape and size of the iris and it is the first feedback of iridological analysis.
A dilated or contracted pupil is an important source of knowledge.
In current language, very reactive, agile and quick people are defined adrenaline-driven while quiet, moderate and restrained people are defined self-controlled .
The pupils dilation gives information in this regard. It is regulated by the involuntary innervation of organs: the autonomic nervous system. The latter is composed of two major sections in constant balance with each other: the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system is considered as the stimulator of organs activity while the parasympathetic nervous system is considered its modulator and restrain.
Such rough distinction is a consequence of the effects that the sympathetic neurotransmitter (noradrenaline) and parasympathetic one (acetylcholine) have on the heart, the bloodstream and on the central nervous system.
Heart and circulatory system . Noradrenaline is a stimulator of the heart and bloodstream: it enhances heart rate, heart contraction and arterial pressure. Acetylcholine, on the other hand, decreases heart rate, heart contraction and arterial pressure.
Nervous system . Noradrenaline stimulates attention while acetylcholine integrates regulatory centers.

Pupil and Autonomic Nervous System

Noradrenaline dilates the pupil while acetylcholine constricts the pupil.

The pupils dilation shows a prevalence of the sympathetic nervous system, whereas the pupils constriction shows a prevalence of the parasympathetic nervous system. Therefore, pupils dilation will tell us whether the person is more or less adrenaline-driven or self-controlled.

Mydriasis and Miosis

The pupils dimensions depend on the intensity of light. Dilation occurs when light is scanty. Constriction occurs when light is intense.
Dilation is called mydriasis .
Constriction is called miosis
Darkness: mydriasis (sympathetic: noradrenaline)
Intense light : miosis (parasympathetic: acetylcholine)
Iris analysis is performed using medium light intensities such as not to provoke miosis or mydriasis but to obtain feedback on usual dilation.
NORADRENALINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE
Noradrenaline and acetylcholine are substances affecting not only the autonomic nervous system but also the central nervous system, the endocrine system and the muscles.

Noradrenaline belongs to a group of substances called catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine) which have stimulating effects on the central nervous system: attention, vigilance, defense, awakening, response to stress and danger. Dopamine has an important role on movement control and on the reinforcement of voluntary processes. Catecholamines are also hormones secreted by adrenal glands as a response to stress.

Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter in brains regulatory areas, which are located at the base of the brain and constitute an interacting network of crucial importance for memory, affections, emotions and responses to environmental stimuli. Moreover, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter providing muscular contraction. The nervous cells in charge of stimulating muscular activity (motor neurons), release acetylcholine in the contact point between nerve and muscle (neuromuscular plaque).

Functional disorders

All organs functions are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, not only those of the pupil or of the heart.
For example.
Breathing: the sympathetic system increases bronchial dilation, the parasympathetic provokes bronchial constriction.
Man sexuality: parasympathetic induces erection, sympathetic release orgasm.
Many disorders are caused by an imbalance of the autonomic nervous system. These are called functional disorders. Such definition indicates functions impairment in the absence of organic damages.
Organic damage and functional disorder.
In current practice, the problem of distinguishing between organic damages and functional disorders is usual.
Being the pupil a reliable indicator of the autonomic nervous system activity, the analysis of pupillary dilation or constriction associated to a good knowledge of the autonomic nervous systems effects on the organs, can help distinguish a functional disorder from an organic one.

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is also called neurovegetative system. It regulates the organs involuntary activity.
Not all responses to the neurovegetative nervous system are as simple as those of the pupil and the heart.
Frequently responses to noradrenaline and acetylcholine are not stimulating or modulating but functional to the organ.