Witschey Walter R. T. - Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica
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The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater. Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays of the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events.
Brief AZ entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing. Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more. Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects. In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields.
Historical Dictionaries ofAncient Civilizations and Historical Eras
Jon Woronoff, Series Editor
Pre-Colonial Africa , by Robert O. Collins, 2001.
Medieval Russia , by Lawrence N. Langer, 2001.
Napoleonic Era , by George F. Nafziger, 2001.
Mongol World Empire , by Paul D. Buell, 2003.
Ancient and Medieval Nubia , by Richard A. Lobban Jr., 2003.
The Vikings , by Katherine Holman, 2003.
The Renaissance , by Charles G. Nauert, 2004.
Ancient Israel , by Niels Peter Lemche, 2004.
The Hittites , by Charles Burney, 2004.
Early North America , by Cameron B. Wesson, 2005.
The Enlightenment , by Harvey Chisick, 2005.
Cultural Revolution , by Guo Jian, Yongyi Song, and Yuan Zhou, 2006.
Ancient Southeast Asia , by John N. Miksic, 2007.
Medieval China , by Victor Cunrui Xiong, 2009.
Medieval India , by Iqtidar Alam Khan, 2008.
Ancient South America , by Martin Giesso, 2008.
Ancient Egypt, Second Edition , by Morris L. Bierbrier, 2008.
India , by Kumkum Roy, 2009.
The Etruscans , by Simon K. F. Stoddart, 2009.
Modern China (18001949) , by James Z. Gao, 2009.
Mesopotamia, Second Edition , by Gwendolyn Leick, 2010.
Byzantium, Second Edition , by John H. Rosser, 2012.
Ottoman Empire, Second Edition , by Selcuk Aksin Somel, 2012.
Mesoamerica , by Walter R. T. Witschey and Clifford T. Brown, 2012.
Historical Dictionary of Mesoamerica
Walter R. T. Witschey
Clifford T. Brown
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham Toronto Plymouth, UK
2012
Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom
Copyright 2012 by Walter R. T. Witschey and Clifford T. Brown
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Witschey, Walter Robert Thurmond, 1941
Historical dictionary of Mesoamerica / Walter R. T. Witschey, Clifford T. Brown.
p. cm. (Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8108-7167-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8108-7096-3 (ebook)
1. Indians of MexicoHistoryDictionaries. 2. Indians of Central AmericaHistoryDictionaries. I. Brown, Clifford T., 1962 II. Title.
F1219.W58 2012
305.897'072dc23 2011037630
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
To the Maya people, past and present, and to my mentors in archaeology, E. Wyllys Andrews V, George Stuart, and Bill Ringle.
WRTW
To my compadres, Don Rufino Vrguez Pacheco (q.e.p.d.), Doa Bernarda Vrguez May (q.e.p.d.), Doa Esmeralda May, and Don Isidro Chan Mena, and my godchildren, Isabel, Erica, and Victor.
CTB
Editors Foreword
Once overshadowed by the better-researched civilizations of the Middle East and Asia, the great cultures of ancient Mesoamerica are becoming increasingly known and appreciated. Most familiar are the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec, but there are many more, including the Mixtec, Tarascan, Toltec, Zapotec, and others. This revival has not been easy because many traces have been lost, almost obliterated in certain cases, since the Spanish Conquest. But they never quite disappeared, some being carved in stone, others in the hearts of their descendants. Thanks to the untiring efforts of archaeologists and others, more and more of the past has been elucidated, although there are still many gaps and mysteries. These peoples are recalled to memory by the remains of magnificent temples and palaces, splendid examples of arts and artifacts, and remnants of their culture and religion, all of which bear witness to their erstwhile grandeur.
This Historical Dictionary of Ancient Mesoamerica is an excellent starting place for discovering and exploring this fertile cradle of civilization. The dictionary section includes entries on the many ethnic and social groups and nationsthe better and lesser known, the more and less successful, the stronger and the weaker, the rulers and the subjects. Other entries present important placeserstwhile capitals and major cities, replete with palaces and temples, now often just archaeological sites. There are also numerous entries on significant figures, including indigenous rulers, Spanish conquistadores, the pre-Conquest gods, and todays humble researchers. Particularly intriguing are the entries describing the regions political, social, and economic activities as well as its religious rituals and worldview. The Chronology in this book charts the historical progression, spanning not only centuries but millennia, and the Introduction recounts the kingdoms that succeeded one another until the Spanish Conquest put an end to their natural progression. But this volume can only be a first step, and further information can be sought through the many sources identified in the Bibliography.
This book is a completely new edition, written this time by Walter R. T. Witschey and Clifford T. Brown. Dr. Witschey is presently a professor of anthropology and science education at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia, where he teaches many of the subjects he writes about here, including archaeology and early civilizations. He has been studying the Maya area since 1978 and did his doctoral research in the Yucatan Peninsula. Dr. Brown is presently an associate professor of anthropology at Florida Atlantic University. He, too, spent much time in Yucatn, doing an archaeological survey and studying important sites there, and later in Nicaragua. They have both participated in major conferences and submitted papers and written articles, when they were not out on a dig, and together they helped produce an Electronic Atlas of Ancient Maya Sites. Thanks to this long period of study, they have marshaled the most important facts, which is already important, and thanks to their teaching activities, they have been able to present them in a manner that can benefit not only the initiated but also those who know relatively little but want to learn more about a truly remarkable period of human endeavor.
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