Iacopo Carbone - Thoracic Radiology: A Guide for Beginners

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Editors

Iacopo Carbone and Michele Anzidei

Thoracic Radiology

A Guide for Beginners

Editors

Iacopo Carbone

Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Head of Academic Diagnostic Imaging Division, I.C.O.T. Hospital, Latina, Italy

Michele Anzidei

Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy

ISBN 978-3-030-35764-1 e-ISBN 978-3-030-35765-8

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35765-8

Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG

The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

To Livia, Anna, Caterina, Raffaello and Lucia: the bright stars of my own private sky.

Iacopo Carbone

Acknowledgement

The Editors and Authors would like to acknowledge the invaluable support given by their colleagues Christina Marrocchio, Susan Dababou, and Hans-Peter Erasmus who, besides contributing as chapter authors, worked at the revision and completion of the English manuscripts towards publication of this guide.

Without their engagement, the book would not have been possible.

Contents

Isabella Ceravolo , Michele Anzidei and Susan Dababou

Isabella Ceravolo , Michele Anzidei and Cristina Marrocchio

Vincenzo Noce and Rosa Maria Ammendola

Carola Palla and Andrea Porfiri

Andrea Porfiri , Carola Palla , Angelo Iannarelli and Hans-Peter Erasmus

Andrea Fiorelli and Giovanni Barchetti

Fabrizio Boni and Miriam Patella

Alessandro Maria Ferrazza and Paolo Baldassarri

Alessandro Maria Ferrazza and Paolo Baldassarri

Vincenzo Noce and Rosa Maria Ammendola

Federica Ciolina

Cristina Marrocchio , Susan Dababou and Hans-Peter Erasmus

Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

I. Carbone, M. Anzidei (eds.) Thoracic Radiology https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35765-8_1

1. Anatomy of the Thorax

Isabella Ceravolo

(1)

Department of Radiological, Oncological and Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Isabella Ceravolo

Michele Anzidei

Susan Dababou (Corresponding author)

Trachea and Main Bronchi (Fig. )

The trachea has a cylindrical shape flattened posteriorly and is composed of 1520 cartilaginous rings joined together by annular ligaments.

Fig. 1.1

(1) Trachea, (2) Carina of trachea, (3) Right bronchus, (4) Left bronchus, (5) Superior lobar bronchus, (6) Inferior lobar bronchus, (7) Middle lobar bronchus

The trachea originates at the level of the C6C7 vertebrae about 4 cm below the hyoid bone, extends for about 1012 cm and branches into right and left main bronchi at the level of T3T4. This reference point at the base of the trachea is known as the carina.

Fissures and Lung Lobes

Lung fissures divide the lung parenchyma in anatomically and functionally independent lobes. The left lung is composed of two lobes (upper and lower) demarcated by the oblique fissure. The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower) separated by two fissures: the minor fissure (or horizontal fissure), which passes horizontally between the upper and middle lobes, and the major fissure (or oblique fissure), which separates the upper and middle lobes from the lower lobe (Figs. ).

Fig. 1.2

(1) Upper lobe, (2) Middle lobe, (3) Lower lobe

Fig. 1.3

CT scan, left lung lobeThe major fissure, or oblique fissure, (white arrows) originates in the superior portion of the hilum, runs upwards and backwards, passes the posterior margin, crosses the lateral surface, and descends obliquely up to the base. Then, it crosses the base and continues on the medial surface to end in the inferior part of the hilum

Fig. 1.4

CT scan, right lung lobeThe oblique fissure (white arrows) separates the upper and middle lobes form the lower lobe. The minor fissure, or horizontal fissure (yellow arrow), separates the right upper lobe from the middle lobe. The horizontal fissure separates from the oblique fissure at the level of the fourth rib, crosses horizontally the lateral surface of the lung, passes the anterior margin, and runs obliquely upwards ending at the hilum

Bronchopulmonary Segments (Fig. )

Bronchopulmonary segments are anatomically and functionally independent units within the lobes with an own ventilation (segment of the bronchus), vascular supply (branches of the pulmonary artery) and venous drainage. The anatomy of the bronchi and segments is illustrated in Figs..

Fig. 1.5

Right Lung. Upper lobe: (1) Apical segment, (2) Posterior segment, (3) Anterior segment. Middle lobe: (4b) Lateral segment, (5b) Medial segment. Lower lobe: (8) Anterior basal segment, (9) Lateral basal segment, (7) Medial basal segment, (10) Posterior basal segment. Left Lung. Upper lobe: (1) Apicoposterior segment, (3) Anterior segment, (4a) Superior lingular segment, (5a) Inferior lingular segment. Lower lobe: (7) Anteromedial basal segment, (9) Lateral basal segment, (10) Posterior basal segment

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