Gregory D. Cramer, DC, PhD
Professor of Anatomy, Professor and Dean, Department of Research, National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
Susan A. Darby, PhD
Professor of Anatomy, Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
Copyright
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, MO 63043
Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS, Third Edition
Copyright 2014, by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Copyright 2005, 1995 by Mosby, Inc., an affilliate of Elsevier, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Notice
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment, and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on his or her own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Authors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cramer, Gregory D.
Clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ANS/Gregory D. Cramer, Susan A. Darby; illustrators, Theodore G. Huff, Sally A. Cummings; photographers, Ron Mensching, Kadi Sistak. 3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Rev. ed. of: Basic and clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ANS/Gregory D. Cramer, Susan A. Darby; illustrators, Theodore G. Huff, Sally A. Cummings; photographer, Ron Mensching. 2nd ed. c2005.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-323-07954-9 (hardcover: alk. paper)
I. Darby, Susan A. II. Cramer, Gregory D. Basic and clinical anatomy of the spine, spinal cord, and ANS. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Spinal Cordanatomy & histology. 2. Autonomic Nervous Systemanatomy & histology. 3. Spineanatomy & histology. WL 400]
611.82dc23 2012045982
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ISBN: 978-0-323-07954-9
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Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contributors
Barclay W. Bakkum, DC, PhD , Professor, Department of Anatomy, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois
Robert J. Frysztak, PhD , Associate Professor Physiology and Anatomy, Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
Previous Editions
William E. Bachop, PhD , Professor Emeritus, Department of Anatomy, National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
Chae-Song Ro, MD, PhD , Associate Professor of Anatomy (Deceased), National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
Peter C. Stathopoulos, MEd, MS, DC , Professor (Retired), Department of Anatomy, National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
Shi-Wei Yu, MD , Electron Microscopist, Pathology Department, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
Dedication
To
Chris and David
Dave, Katherine, and Jason
Thank you for your invaluable support, patience, and encouragement throughout the writing of the first and subsequent editions of this text.
Forewords
It seems as though it has only been a short period of time since publication of the second edition of Basic and Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS. The first two editions of this ambitious work have been an important reference for me. I have been most appreciative of the clarity of expression and the illustrations, making this a primary resource for the student of spinal anatomy. I have never hesitated to recommend readings to learners at many levels, all of whom have appreciated the ease of understanding of text and figures, while not sacrificing the academic rigor that one would expect from authors who have spent their lives researching and teaching about the spine. I highly recommend this work to any health professional engaged in treating patients with spinal disorders and particularly to those who might be struggling to stay abreast with current concepts.
As remarkable as it seems, and as fresh and relevant as the information contained within the second edition continues to be, it has been 8 years since publication of that edition. Over this period of time there have been advances in imaging, clinical biomechanics, physiology, and pathophysiology that necessitate revisiting some of the concepts presented in the book. I am impressed with the way in which volumes of recent literature have been distilled to a level that is both understandable and useful to students and practitioners alike. As an educator, I am particularly looking forward to the improvements and additions to the already excellent figures and illustrations since I use them liberally in my teaching. I am very certain that you will find the third edition to be a great contribution to your library whether you are a beginning learner, an advanced practitioner, or an educator looking to stay current with todays advancements.
Rand S. Swenson, DC, MD, PhD, Professor of Anatomy and Neurology, Chair, Department of Anatomy, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
Drs. Cramer and Darby, with the able assistance of colleagues in the Departments of Anatomy and Physiology at National University of Health Sciences, have again updated and improved a remarkable resource for both clinicians and students.
This new edition of Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS is designed to facilitate a learners understanding of important anatomic concepts and their relationship to clinical practice. The most important aspects of this book include comprehensive coverage of spinal anatomy and related neuroanatomy, with clear explanations of structural relationships, the extensive use of illustrations and photographs to enhance anatomic detail, and numerous well-referenced clinical pearls that relate anatomy to clinical care.
Every chapter has been updated with new illustrations and images. Several chapters have undergone major revisions and expansions. The authors have embarked upon an evidence-based approach by supporting the books content with new research reports and reviews.