David C. Cranmer - Mechanical testing methodology for ceramic design and reliability
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Mechanical testing methodology for ceramic design and reliability
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Describing the theoretical aspects of chemistry and microstructure that affect mechanical properties, this work offers coverage of ceramic mechanical property measurement techniques for use in component design as well as lifetime and reliability predictions. It presents procedures from both room- and elevated-temperature applications.
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Mechanical Testing Methodology for Ceramic Design and Reliability
Edited by David C. Cranmer
National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaitherburg, Maryland
David W. Richerson
Richerson and Associates Salt Lake City, Utah
Page ii
ISBN 0-8247-9567-9
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the address below.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright 1998 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. All Rights Reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Publisher acknowledges that copyright protection, under Section 105 of the United States Code, Title 17 is not available for any work of the United States Government and/or for any works conceived by United States Government employees under this actual agreement. Publisher acknowledges that Dr. Cranmer's actual work is in the public domain and is not subject to copyright. Publisher acknowledges that Dr. Cranmer may not warranty his work to the extent that it was prepared as an employee of the US government as part of his official duties, but Dr. Cranmer agrees to provide his services as set forth on a best effort basis. This agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United States. Any litigation or other dispute resolution between parties relating to this Agreement shall take place in the federal district courts of the United States.
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 http://www.dekker.com
Mechanical properties testing has been a significant part of ceramic technology since the discovery of ceramics and glasses. Over the years, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the behavior of ceramics as well as the test methods needed to determine those properties. In this volume, we have tried to cover as broad a range of mechanical testing methods and methodology as possible. In addition to the practical information on test methods for creep, strength, fatigue, and slow crack growth, we have included the philosophy of why we need to test what we test, descriptions of the effects and theoretical basis of environment and microstructure on crack growth and material behavior, and the linkages of the properties of ceramics to the design of components.
The philosophical underpinnings of why we test what we test serve as the basic introductory material for the book and are set forth by Stephen Freiman. He discusses the use of test procedures as they relate to the end use of the data for scientific understanding, quality assurance, design of systems and components, or estimations of service life. He explains some of the reasoning behind the selection and use of particular test methodologies for strength, fracture toughness, and environmentally assisted crack growth. The specific test procedures used as examples focus on determination of fracture parameters important to the design and use of ceramics. Finally, he discusses test procedures in terms of the need to predict the reliable, safe use of ceramics in critical applications using the most up-to-date statistical techniques. Dr. Freiman argues that we must weigh the economic, technical, and psychological benefits to be gained in collecting particular data against the cost in time and materials needed to perform the test.
Having developed a philosophy of testing, we turn to some of the theory and processes that affect the mechanical behavior of ceramics. The most important ones are the influences of environment and those of microstructure. In Chapter 2 Grady S. White focuses his discussion on the understanding of the mechanisms of environmentally assisted crack growth and how the theoretical basis for understanding it is shifting from interpretations
Page iv
of experimental crack growth studies to calculations based on environmental-molecule/strained-crack-tip-bond systems.
Stephen J. Bennison (Chapter 3) discusses the crack resistance behavior of ceramics in terms of the microstructure of these materials and how manipulation of the microstructural features can significantly change the behavior. The realization that the brittleness and unreliability of ceramics may be mitigated by exploitation of microstructure-sensitive toughening mechanisms has led to global research efforts aimed at designing ceramic microstructures for specified structural performance. He reviews several shielding mechanisms that may be exploited in the design of structural ceramics. He discusses the role of microstructure and gives examples of its successful tailoring for specified mechanical performance. Dr. Bennison examines the primary methods of R-curve determination, with particular emphasis on relatively new methods of R-curve determination at crack-length scales approaching those of the microstructural elements responsible for shielding. Bennison examines mechanisms in some detail and conceptually classifies them into frontal-wake and bridged-interface, depending on whether the microstructural-toughening elements are activated in the near-tip field ahead of the primary crack or in the trailing wake of the primary crack. He presents a brief discussion concerning the newly emerging field of "quasi-brittle" fracture and damage mechanics as applied to ceramics, and closes with an examination of R-curve influence on reliability and engineering design requirements.
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