Cover
title | : | Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices |
author | : | Gad, Shayne C. |
publisher | : | CRC Press |
isbn10 | asin | : | 0824798279 |
print isbn13 | : | 9780824798277 |
ebook isbn13 | : | 9780585381336 |
language | : | English |
subject | Biomedical materials--Testing, Biomedical materials--Toxicity testing, Biocompatibility--Testing, Materials Testing, Biocompatible Materials, Toxicity Tests, Equipment Safety, Equipment Failure. |
publication date | : | 1997 |
lcc | : | R857.M3G33 1997eb |
ddc | : | 681/.761/0287 |
subject | : | Biomedical materials--Testing, Biomedical materials--Toxicity testing, Biocompatibility--Testing, Materials Testing, Biocompatible Materials, Toxicity Tests, Equipment Safety, Equipment Failure. |
Page null03
SafetyEvaluation of MedicalDevices
Page i
SafetyEvaluation of MedicalDevices
Shayne Cox Gad
Gad Consulting Services
Raleigh, North Carolina
Page ii
ISBN: 0-8247-9827-9
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For moreinformation, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the address below.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright 1997 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All rights reserved.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted by any form or byany means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission inwriting from the publisher.
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016
Current printing (last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Page iii
To Joyce, my partner and best friend, for all the patience, encouragement,and support she has given me.
And to my father for all the love and wisdom he provided while here.
I miss you, Dad.
Page v
Preface
Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices has been written with the sole objective ofproviding a practical guide for those who are responsible for, or concerned with, ensuringthe safety of medical devices for patients, health care providers, and those involved intheir manufacture. As such, the basic aspects of device regulation and materials utilizedin devices have been addressed. In areas where it was deemed appropriate, the historyand underlying science have also been presented to allow the reader to make moreinformed decisions.
This volume attempts to present a road map for the device and device materialsafety evaluation process as part of the overall development of new products. It reflectsthe experience and judgment of the author. It is my hope that it provides a utilitarianyet scientifically valid path through the everyday challenges of safety evaluation forall those involved.
I owe the greatest thanks to Joyce Todd for her help in proofreading this manuscript,as well as assisting me with the word processing. I am also grateful to Roger's WordService and Janine Maves for decoding my handwriting and turning out excellent firsttyped drafts of the manuscript, and to the Touchberry Group for producing finishedgraphics.
Shayne Cox Gad
Page vii
Contents
|
Preface | v |
|
|
1 Introduction | 1 |
I. Scope of devices and the medical device market | 2 |
II. History | 3 |
III. Regulatory basis | 4 |
IV. Toxicity testing: Medical devices | 9 |
|
|
2 Road Map to Test Selections | 27 |
I. Key concepts | 27 |
II. Conditions of use | 27 |
III. Materials, components, and products | 28 |
IV. Prior knowledge | 49 |
V. Other testing considerations | 57 |
|
|
3 What to Test: Sampling and Sample Preparation | 65 |
I. Sampling | 65 |
|
|
4 Cytotoxicity Testing | 75 |
I. Background | 75 |
II. Cytotoxicity assays | 78 |
III. Conclusion | 83 |
|
|
5 Blood Compatibility | 85 |
I. Device types | 87 |
II. Standard tests | 91 |
III. Conclusion | 95 |
|
Page viii
|
6 Irritation and Pyrogenicity | 97 |
I. Dermal irritation | 97 |
II. Ocular irritation testing | 104 |
III. Other nonparenteral route irritation tests | 110 |
IV. Parenteral irritation/tolerance | 110 |
V. Reference standard and control standard endotoxins | 118 |
VI. Factors affecting irritation responses and test outcome | 123 |
VII. Problems in testing and their resolution | 124 |
|
|
7 Immunotoxicology | 131 |
I. Overview of the immune system | 134 |
II. Evaluation of the immune system | 146 |
III. Approaches to testing | 179 |
IV. Problems and future directions | 181 |
|
|
8 Implantation Studies | 189 |
I. Introduction | 189 |
II. Long-term implant studies | 198 |
III. Considerations | 206 |
|
|
9 Genotoxicity | 209 |
I. DNA structure | 209 |
II. Cytogenetics | 218 |
|
|
10 Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity | 259 |
I. Objectives | 259 |
II. Regulatory considerations | 260 |
III. Parameters to measure | 262 |
IV Histopathology | 264 |
V. Study interpretation and reporting | 268 |
|
|
11 Carcinogenicity and Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity |
Next page