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Understanding Built Environment Proceedings of the National Conference on Sustainable Built Environment 2015
Author:
Biswas Arindam / Khare Ajay / Sen Joy / Seta Fumihiko
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Springer
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2017;2018
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Puchong;Selangor D.E.;Singapore
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Part I
Land, Housing, and Real Estate

Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2017

Fumihiko Seta , Arindam Biswas , Ajay Khare and Joy Sen (eds.) Understanding Built Environment Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering 10.1007/978-981-10-2138-1_1

1. Accessibility to Health Infrastructure in Hill Settlements: A Case of Shimla

Adwitiya Patro 1

(1)

CEPT University, Ahmedabad, India

Adwitiya Patro

Email:

Abstract

Urban areas are spreading their extents rapidly across different geographic conditions and simultaneously affecting the hill topographies. This rampant development brings inequity in terms of access to services, and accessibility being a major factor affecting the livelihoods need special attention. Indian Cities generally has concentration of services in their core, bringing friction for residents living across the city, when accessibility is concerned. In hill cities, the accessibility parameters take account of multiple factors and majorly, topographic factors. Study enquires the relationship between residential choice and accessibility to health amenities for city of Shimla (H.P). As evident in hills, degraded accessibility in such areas can lead to multiple social disorder and sense of insecurity, along with added economic cost. Study measures the network accessibility analysis for health infrastructure in hill areas using FlowMap and GIS-based tools. In this study it has been tried to analyze how the different residential areas of Shimla perform in terms of network access to hospitals. Which can certainly be used in multiple urban planning decision and in diverse sectors.

Keywords

Accessibility FlowMap GIS Health infrastructure Shimla

1.1 Introduction

Effects of unplanned urban growth is evident in all major hill cities across India. Indian hills contain around 10 % of Indias total population, witnessing an unexpected growth largely due to industrialization which induces urbanization into these fragile ecosystems. Of all the hill settlements, once called Queen of Hills, Shimla has lost its pristine glory with rapid urbanization in recent times. As per the article by Manjeet Singh, a city earlier designed for 25,000 inhabitants now caters to seven times the number stated above and putting tremendous pressure to urban systems.

Individual travel choice due to lack of access, affect mode of travel which in turn lead to induced poverty as we see in the case of women users from economically backward classes in Delhis case (Anvita and Geetam ).

Thus, as much as the physical infrastructure development in terms of technology and efficiency in urban transport, there is a high need of impetus to be put to the matter that accessibility is what we are aiming for, with all these investments.

1.2 Shimla: An Introduction

Shimla is the capital town of Himachal Pradesh with an average elevation of 2205 m (7234 ft) from mean sea level with an area of 25 km2, having a population of approximately 1.7 lakhs, with a density of 120 per sq.km. Shimla lies in the lower ranges of the Himalayas in its southwest range with a coordinate of 31.61 ON and 77.10 OE (UNDP ). The city stretches itself in the east-west direction with a length of around 9.2 km. Shimla is embodied around seven hills, the highest being Jakhoo hills with an elevation of 2454 m. This geographical setup possesses hindrance for regional connectivity with the city. With rapid growth of population and lack of proper transport infrastructure in city and around, this issue of connectivity gets deteriorated progressively. Hospitals like Rippon Hospital and Walker Hospitals were constructed in 1885 and 1906, respectively, which are prominent in the city.

Being in hill topography, Shimla possesses a threat in terms of fragile ecosystem through the rampant development it is going under. So to ensure planned growth and development, GoHP Shimla a city with tourism as its primary economic activity, also known for its role in administration, education, heritage city, etc.

As Sashi Sekhar (), he highlights that built-up area except roads in Shimla has grown by 7 %.

Unregulated development in turn affects the quality of life. With JNNURM, efforts have been made to improvise the public transport and housing infrastructure, seem to be futile with no drastic change happening until now (Carol ), it has been highlighted that due to the lack of accessibility to health infrastructure, villagers in Himachal Pradesh face a lot of health issues.

Looking at the scenario, study wants to focus on the network accessibility to health infrastructure in Shimla city.

1.3 Health Infrastructure in Hill Areas

As in the study done by Dev Nathan (), it has been found that with increasing time to health infrastructure, access to it decreases which eventually affects human health.

Since health infrastructure varies in scale, the study only considers public hospitals, large-scale private hospitals, and PHCs), which has been used for studying the requirement and capacity of each health facility.

Table 1.1

URDPFI standards for health infrastructure

Healthcare facilities
S/No.	Category	Population served per unit	Distance between two facilities (KM)
	Dispensary	2500
	Health Sub-Centre	3000
	Family Welfare Centre	5000
	Maternity Home	15,000
	Nursing Home	15,000
	Primary Health Centre	20,000	1620
	Hospital (200250 beds)	80,000	1620

1.4 Accessibility: Literature

Accessibility has a plethora of meaning and is derived from its Latin root, i.e., accessus which means a coming near. But what we are talking in our context can be defined as the ease with which services are approached within stipulated amount of time (which can be a measure of distance). Further according to Geurs and van Eck (), accessibility is basically the effort or amount of time that is given for a destination to be reached by a person or activities that can be reached from a particular location.

1.5 Methodology of Accessibility Analysis

For the study we have used activity-based accessibility measures as both space and time factors are taken care of in the study. In this the use of GIS tools and FlowMap has been used for modeling the areas. Before the analysis, first the data has been generated through many sources.

1.5.1 Road Network

To map the road network, 2.5 m Cartosat-1 imagery was used and elevation points has been given as an attribute. This consists of NH22, NH88, state highways, and other major roads. Local roads have not been captured due to the need of intensive surveying and data collection. The research intends to develop a methodological input, accordingly datasets have been created. As local roads could not be captured, an assist network has been developed with a 150 m grid. Then the values of elevation have been captured from DEM, so as to calculate the slope for every road segment. Different network speeds have been assumed and then accordingly time has been computed with the following formula:

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