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Doyle Michael P. - Food Safety Risks from Wildlife: Challenges in Agriculture, Conservation, and Public Health

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Doyle Michael P. Food Safety Risks from Wildlife: Challenges in Agriculture, Conservation, and Public Health
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Preface -- 1. Overview: Foodborne Pathogens in Wildlife Populations -- 2. Emerging Viral Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems: Risks and Opportunities -- 3. A European Perspective on the Transmission of Food-Borne Pathogens at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface -- 4. Microbiological Hazards of Wild Birds and Free-Range Chickens -- 5. Molecular Tools for Monitoring and Source-Tracking Salmonella in Wildlife and the Environment -- 6. Reducing the Risk of Foodborne Transmission of Nipah Virus -- 7. A Survey Of How Growers, Shippers, And Handlers Address Food Safety Risks From Wildlife In Leafy Greens -- 8. Keeping Wildlife Out of Your Food: Mitigation and Control Strategies to Reduce the Transmission Risk of Food-Borne Pathogens -- 9. Co-management: Balancing Food Safety, the Environment and the Bottom Line -- 10. Recommendations to Regulations: Managing Wildlife and Produce Safety on the Farm -- 11. A One Health Approach to Wildlife and Food Safety -- Index.;Foodborne illnesses caused by zoonotic pathogens associated with wildlife hosts are an emerging microbial food safety concern. Transmission of foodborne pathogens can occur through ingestion, or improper handling, of contaminated game meat. Wild and feral animals have also been investigated as potential sources of Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enteric pathogens following foodborne disease outbreaks linked to fresh fruits and vegetables (e.g., baby spinach in California, shelled-peas in Alaska, strawberries in Oregon). This book explores the range of bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogens that have been described in wildlife populations in the United States, Europe and other parts of the world. It also addresses important challenges and solutions to balance agriculture, conservation, and public health goals. The book provides unique information on approaches in risk communication, co-management, and One Health in a wildlife-food safety context. The first five chapters review research on the detection, epidemiology and ecology of foodborne pathogens in wildlife populations including the influence of wildlife-livestock-human interactions. The second half of the book addresses current guidelines to mitigate microbial food safety risks from wildlife hosts and new regulations proposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the Food Safety Modernization Act Produce Safety Rule. Chapters are wri tten by an array of internationally recognized authors, and will be of interest to agriculture safety experts, ecologists, environmental health specialists, food safety professionals, microbiologists, public health practitioners, veterinarians, wildlife biologists, and others in academia, government, industry, and students in these disciplines.

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Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016
Michele Jay-Russell and Michael P. Doyle (eds.) Food Safety Risks from Wildlife Food Microbiology and Food Safety 10.1007/978-3-319-24442-6_1
1. Overview: Foodborne Pathogens in Wildlife Populations
Marilyn C. Erickson 1
(1)
Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223, USA
Marilyn C. Erickson
Email:
Abstract
Numerous bacterial and parasitic pathogens may be transmitted through food and included in that group are zoonotic pathogens that not only proliferate within domesticated animals but may also be resident within wildlife. As a result of wildlife being a pathogen reservoir and the ability of this animal group to easily intrude on farms, wildlife contributes to the maintenance of infections on domestic farms as well as serves as an environmental source of fresh produce contamination. To discern the degree to which wildlife represents a food safety risk, this overview first summarizes those documented incidents in which contaminated wildlife has been directly or indirectly associated with human illness. It continues with providing a set of tables that document the results of studies directed at assessing the prevalence of bacterial, parasitic, and viral pathogen contamination in mammals, birds, and amphibians and reptiles. To understand the strengths and limitations of those surveillance studies, discussion is included that describes how sample source, cultivation conditions, sample size and number, and specificity of the detection method may impact the data collected. Discussion on factors that contribute to pathogen transmission to wildlife are also presented and include the physiological state of the animal, behavioral features of the animal that contribute to intra- and interspecies interactions, seasonal effects on transmission, and management practices applied to wildlife or domestic animals. The overview concludes with a section directed at discussing other drawbacks to pathogen contamination of wildlife and includes contamination of water sources and wildlife serving as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance and emerging pathogens.
Keywords
Campylobacter Cryptosporidium Escherichia coli Foodborne pathogens Foodborne disease outbreak Listeria monocytogenes Prevalence Salmonella Trichinella Wildlife Zoonosis
Introduction
Foodborne pathogen contamination of edible horticultural crops, often consumed raw or minimally processed (e.g., fruits, nuts, and vegetables), has over the past few decades been increasingly linked to foodborne illnesses, outbreaks, and recalls (Batz et al. ).
Another food safety risk from infection of wild animals by human pathogens is the consumption of their meat when the animal is killed and not properly dressed and cooked. Moreover, another potential consequence of pathogen contamination of wildlife is their potential to serve as a reservoir for emerging diseases. For example, approximately 75 % of all diseases, including zoonoses which have emerged in the last few decades, are of wildlife origin (Jones et al. ). Based on the concerns associated with foodborne pathogens in wildlife populations, this chapter will provide an overview of this subject and recount some of the incidents in which contaminated wildlife has been directly or indirectly associated with human illness, summarize some of the data collected on the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in wildlife, briefly address factors that affect prevalence levels in wildlife, and finally touch on other drawbacks to pathogen contamination of wildlife that adversely affect humans. The material presented in this chapter is not intended to be comprehensive but to provide a basic understanding of the subject on which subsequent chapters will expand.
Illnesses/Outbreaks Attributed to Contamination of Wildlife
Direct Association: Consumption of Contaminated Meat
Prior to the domestication of animals, wild animals served as the major source of protein for humans. Today, this proportion has decreased dramatically, but consumption of wild game and reptile meat continues to occur by groups that value these animals for subsistence or sport hunting. As a result, there are multiple reports whereby consumption of contaminated meat has been directly linked to human illness (Table ).
Table 1.1
Examples of reports documenting links between human illnesses/outbreaks and consumption of pathogen-contaminated wildlife
Source
Pathogen
Evidence for linkage between wildlife and human illness
Reference
Deer jerky
E. coli O157:H7
PFGE patterns of isolates from the patients, jerky, and source deer were identical
Keene et al. ()
Undercooked venison
PFGE pattern of the uncooked venison isolate was indistinguishable from the pattern of the clinical isolate
Rabatsky-Ehr et al. ()
Deer sausage
PFGE patterns of isolates from deer sausage and patients were identical
Ahn et al. ()
Undercooked venison
E. coli O103:H2 and O145:NM
PFGE patterns of isolates from patients and venison were indistinguishable
Rounds et al. ()
Uncooked liver from wild boar
Hepatitis E
Two patients eating the liver contracted the illness but none of the liver remained for analysis of pathogen contamination
Matsuda et al. ()
Raw deer meat
DNA sequence from leftover frozen deer meat was 99.7100 % identical to the viruses recovered from the four human patients
Tei et al. ()
Wild boar meat
Genotype 3 hepatitis E virus RNA was detected in both patient serum and wild boar meat
Li et al. ()
Wild boar meat
Trichinella spiralis
47 Thai patients became ill after eating wild boar meat. Encysted Trichinella larvae were identified in implicated meat
Marva et al. ()
PFGE pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
In some cases, zoonotic pathogens (e.g., Brucella spp., Trichinella spp.) have been controlled in domestic livestock herds in developed countries, but continue to circulate in wild animal populations and cause human infections via consumption of mishandled or undercooked game meat. For example, swine Trichinella infection has been virtually eliminated in US swine raised in confinement, but human cases are still reported due to transmission via feral swine, bear, and other wild game meat. Additionally, concerns have been raised regarding the potential for infected wild animals to spread the parasite to domestic swine raised outdoors for pastured pork, a growing niche market (Burke et al. ).
An important point to acknowledge, however, is that with many of these foodborne pathogens, the potential for causing illness and the severity of disease will depend on the strain. For example, genotypes 1 and 2 of hepatitis E virus are restricted to humans and associated with epidemics in developing countries, whereas typically sporadic cases are associated with the zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 (Meng ).
Indirect Association: Contamination of Produce Fields
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