ANCIENT ETHICS
To understand ethical theory we need to understand its origins, just as knowledge of ancient philosophy cannot be complete without an understanding of the ethical tradition which formed such a crucial part of it. Ancient Ethics is a clear and thorough introduction to the birth of ethics in ancient Greece and Rome for anyone starting out in ethics.
Here, Susan Sauv Meyer details a history of ethical thought, from its beginnings in the writings of Plato and Aristotle through its development in the Hellenistic period by Epicureans and Stoics, with lucid and accessible explanations of their theories.
Throughout, she critically assesses the arguments on which their thoughts were based, incorporating the responses of their contemporary critics as well as modern-day assessments to show the reader how to think and critique philosophically.
This book will be ideal for anyone beginning an introductory course in ancient ethics or moral theory, anyone interested in learning more about the history of ethical philosophy, or simply those who wish to learn how to live well.
Susan Suav Meyer is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. She specialises in Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, and has published widely on the natural and ethical philosophy of the period, including Aristotle and Moral Responsibility (1993).
First published 2008
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2008 Susan Sauv Meyer
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Meyer, Susan Sauv.
Ancient ethics : a critical introduction / Susan Sauve Meyer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Ethics, Ancient. I. Title.
BJ161.M49 2007
170.938dc22
2007023583
ISBN 0-203-64389-5 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10 0-415-94026-5 (hbk)
ISBN10 0-415-94027-3 (pbk)
ISBN10 0-203-64389-5 (ebk)
ISBN13 978-0-415-94026-9 (hbk)
ISBN13 978-0-415-94027-6 (pbk)
ISBN13 978-0-203-64389-1 (ebk)
PREFACE
I would like to thank the many people who have supported, assisted, and encouraged my work on this project. I have learned much about ethics, ancient and modern, from teachers, colleagues, and students, especially Terry Irwin, Gisela Striker, Charles Kahn, Paula Gottlieb, Rahul Kumar, Paul Guyer, Milton Wachsberg Meyer, David Caswell, Autumn Fiester, Doug Paletta, Jason Rheins, and Anna Cremaldi. I am grateful for helpful written comments on the manuscript from Charles Kahn and Jason Rheins and for stimulating discussion of parts of the work in progress at colloquia at the University of Toronto, the University of Pennsylvania, and the University of So Paolo. I remember especially helpful comments on these occasions from Ulrike Heuer and Gary Hatfield. Jason Rheins did yeomans work on the bibliography, and both he and Anna Cremaldi were assiduous in checking the citations. Thanks to Matt Bateman, Marcy Latta, and Daniel Muoz-Hutchinson for checking the proofs, to Elizabeth and Alice Vienneau for their work on the index locorum, and to Kate Mertes for the general index. Michael Weisberg shared generously of his time and technical expertise and Scott Weinstein has been unstinting in his support and encouragement. An early stage of my research was supported by a Fellowship for University Teachers from the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1995, and in its final stages a grant from the Philosophy Department at the University of Pennsylvania helped me bring the project to completion. My family has endured much over the course of my work on this project and I am grateful beyond what words can express for the support of my husband, Milton, partner and philosopher extraordinaire.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
April 2007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are fortunate to have today a variety of excellent translations into English of most of the central texts in the Ancient philosophical tradition. When quoting the Ancient texts in this volume, my policy has been to quote from published translations that are easily available to the reader, with preference for translations that render whole works rather than short excerpts. I am grateful for permission to quote extensively from Raphael Woolfs translation of Ciceros De Finibus in Julia Annas (ed.) Cicero: On Moral Ends (copyright Cambridge University Press, 2001; reprinted by permission of Cambridge University Press; all rights reserved) and from the translations in Brad Inwood and Lloyd Gerson, Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings, 2nd edition (Copyright 1997 Brad Inwood and L. P. Gerson; reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.; all rights reserved).
To my mother
Lois Sauv
And to the memory of my father
Robert Sauv (19342005)
ABBREVIATIONS
Ac.Cicero, Academica (ed. Plasberg 1922)
AetiusAetius, Placita Philosophorum (Views of the Philosophers) reconstructed in Diels (ed.) 1879
Ap.Plato, Apology
Att.Cicero, Letters to Atticus (ed. Shackleton Bailey 1987)
Catg.Aristotle, Categories
Charm.Plato, Charmides
Comm. Not.Plutarch, De Communis notitiis contra Stoicos (On common conceptions against the Stoics) (ed. Cherniss 1976)
Cr.Plato, Crito
DA Aristotle, De Anima (On the soul)
Deip. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai (Wise sayings for Dinner) (ed. Kaibel 1887)
Diss.Epictetus, Discourses (ed. Schenkl 1916)
DLDiogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers (ed. H. S. Long 1964)
EEAristotle, Eudemian Ethics (ed. Walzer and Mingay 1991)
ENAristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (ed. Bywater 1894).
Ench.Epictetus, Encheiridion (Handbook) (ed. Schenkl 1916)
Ep.Seneca, Epistulae morales (Moral Letters) (ed. Reynolds 1965)
Eu.Plato, Euthyphro
Euthd.Plato, Euthydemus
Fin.Cicero, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (On Moral Ends) (ed. Reynolds 1998)
GelliusAulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (ed. Marshall 1968)
Gorg.Plato, Gorgias
H. Maj.Plato, Greater Hippias
IGB. Inwood and L. Gerson (eds) (1997) Hellenistic Philosophy: Introductory Readings, Second edition. Indianapolis: Hackett
Ir.Seneca, De Ira (On Anger) (Reynolds 1977)
KDEpicurus, Kuriai Doxai (Principal Doctrines), DL 10.13954
La.Plato, Laches
LSA. A. Long and D. N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, 2 vols, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987