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Bl Turner Ii - Once Beneath the Forest: Prehistoric Terracing in the Rio Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands

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Once Beneath the Forest: Prehistoric Terracing in the Rio Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands
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Bl Turner Ii
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Routledge
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2021
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Once Beneath the Forest

Prehistoric Terracing in the Ro Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands

Dellplain Latin American Studies

Once Beneath the Forest: Prehistoric Terracing in the Ro Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands

B. L. Turner II

The incredible achievements of the Classic lowland Maya civilization and the subsequent disappearance of that culture have stimulated one of the greatest controversies of modern prehistory. A central element in the controversy is the role of the tropical forest lands in Maya agriculture and subsistence, and the purpose of this study is to identify and examine one facet of Maya agriculture -- terrace cultivation -- viewing it in the larger perspective of Maya agriculture issues.

After analyzing the physical geography and the relic terraces and other stoneworks found on the slopes of the Ro Bec region of the southern Yucatn Peninsula, Dr. Turner concludes that terraces were used for relatively intensive levels of production. He discusses the possible cultivars and cropping procedures used on the regions slopes, the origins of the terraces, their abandonment, and their implications for social organization. He then draws on the results of his studies to construct a historical sketch of slopeland agricultural growth in the Ro Bec region.

Dr. B. L. Turner II is an associate professor in the Graduate School of Geography at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. His special interest is cultural ecology.

DELLPLAIN LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES

PUBLISHED IN COOPERATION WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

EDITOR

David J. Robinson

Syracuse University

EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

David A. Brading

University of Cambridge

Daniel Raposo Cordeiro

Syracuse University

William M. Denevan

University of Wisconsin

John H. Galloway

University of Toronto

John Lynch

University of London

William Mangin

Syracuse University

EDITORIAL ASSISTANT

Jane E. McGraw

First published 1983 by Westview Press

Published 2019 by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress catalog Card Number 83-60315

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-28189-2 (hbk)

Contents

, by Joseph W. Ball

Guide

My interest in ancient Maya agriculture began late in the year of 1971 when William M. Denevan encouraged me to pursue the topic. Our interests had been perked by reports from Joseph W. Ball, Jack Eaton, and Irwin Rovner of the presence of terrace-like features throughout the Ro Bec region of the southern Yucatn Peninsula. Denevan maintained a long-term interest in pre-Hispanic agriculture and population in the New World. Our studies with the emerging Ro Bec research group at the University of Wisconsin led to the conclusion that the then dominant themes of Maya agriculture were in need of reevaluation and that a number of remains of intensive forms of agriculture were likely to be found in the Central Maya lowlands of Mxico, Petn (Guatemala), and Belize, particularly wetland or raised fields in addition to the reported terraces. Our interests were heightened at this time by notification from Alfred Siemens of the finds of wetland fields in the vicinity of the Ro Bec region in the Chetumal, Mxico-northern Belize area.

The initial field studies focused on the terrace-like features reported to us and on the search for raised fields in the wetlands of the Ro Bec and immediate environs. Verification of the terraces and discoveries of wetland fields were reported in a series of works as syntheses of the larger data base retained in the dissertation resulting from that field work. From the 1970s onward the study of ancient Maya agriculture blossomed, such that within a decade the data have increased enormously and at a rapid rate. This growth has been somewhat overpowering to those of us engaged in the research; a new discovery seems forthcoming every few months. And, as expected, the data and interpretations have not gone unchallenged. For these reasons, it seems appropriate to make available beyond the dissertation the data base concerning the Ro Bec terraces and to provide it in context of an additional eight years of study of Maya agriculture pursued by myself and others.

The majority of the terrace data presented in this work was collected by the author in 19731974 in conjunction with the 1973 National Geographic Society--University of Texas at San Antonio and University of Wisconsin, Madison, Project on Ecological Change and Cultural History of the Ro Bec Region (R. E. W. Adams, director). This project was a pilot study investigating paleo-cultural ecology in southern Campeche and Quintana Roo, Mxico, focusing on the Becan-Xpujil area. While a participant of this project, my research was funded by the National Science Foundation (GS-37184) and the Ibero-American Studies Program, University of Wisconsin.

The larger synthesis of information and the interpretations of Maya agriculture have been assisted by access to the larger corpus of materials and personnel involved with the topic. I have drawn heavily on my experiences in the following projects: 1977 National Science Foundation--Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Copn Valley Project (G. R. Willey, director); the 19781980 Proyecto Arqueolgico Copn (C. Baudez, director); the 1979 National Science Foundation--University of Oklahoma, Pulltrouser Swamp Project (B. L. Turner II and P. D. Harrison, directors) and its 1981 counterpart funded by the foundation through the University of Mxico (P. D. Harrison and B. L. Turner II, directors); and a 1980 study of Bajo Morocoy, with Stephen Gliessman and the Colegio Superior de Agricultura Tropical, H. Cardenas, Mxico. I thank the directors and staff of each of these projects for their assistance.

In addition, I have had access to the personal information and opinions of various scholars engaged in Maya-related work. The individuals include (in alphabetical order): R. E. W. Adams, E. Wyllys Andrews V, Wendy Ashmore, Alfredo Barrera, Paul Bloom, Walter Brown, Jr., C. P. Cowan, Bruce Dahlin, Edward S. Deevey, Arthur Demarest, David Freidel, Stephen Gliessman, Arturo Gomez-Pompa, Norberto Gonzales, Norman Hammond, Paul Healy, Tom Hester, Martyn Kellman, Edward Kurjack, Richard Leventhal, R. S. MacNiesh, Raymond Matheny, Mary Pohl, Dennis E. Puleston, Don S. Rice, Vernon Scarborough, Payson Sheets, Alfred Siemens, Prentice Thomas, and David Vleck. Each of these individuals has assisted me in some manner toward data collection or interpretation of the Maya materials.

I am also indebted to the various individuals who have cooperated with me in several projects dealing with Maya agriculture, particularly my long-time field partner, Peter D. Harrison. The others include (alphabetically): Alan P. Covich, Janice P. Darch, Nancy Ettlinger, William C. Johnson, Charles Lincoln, Gail Mahood, Charles H. Miksicek, Jackie Poole, Harry J. Shafer, and Frederick M. Wiseman. Each of these individuals have taught me in their own way, while putting up with my whims and fancies in not-so-good living conditions. I have gleaned insights into various aspects of prehistoric agriculture from long discussions with William E. Doolittle, Kent Mathewson, Douglas Johnson, and Donald Brand.

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