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THE WASHINGTON MANUAL
Nephrology
Subspecialty Consult
FOURTH EDITION
Editors
Tarek Alhamad, MD, MS
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Steven Cheng, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Anitha Vijayan, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Series Editors
Thomas M. De Fer, MD, FACP
Executive Editor
Professor of Medicine
Associate Dean for Medical Student Education
Department of Medicine
Division of Medical Education
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Thomas M. Ciesielski, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Associate Program Director
Department of Medicine
Division of Medical Education
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
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Acquisitions Editor: Sharon Zinner
Development Editor: Ariel S. Winter
Editorial Coordinator: Anthony Gonzalez
Marketing Manager: Phyllis Hitner
Design Coordinator: Teresa Mallon
Production Project Manager: Barton Dudlick
Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh
Prepress Vendor: Aptara, Inc.
Copyright 2021 Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine.
Copyright 2012, 2008, 2004 Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine.
All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at (products and services).
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Printed in China
eISBN: 978-1-975113-47-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
available upon request
Library of Congress Control Number: 2019916472
This work is provided as is, and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.
This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.
Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturers package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.
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Contributing Authors
Fizza Abbas, MD
Fellow
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Nurelign Abebe, MD
Fellow
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Tarek Alhamad, MD, MS
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Deepa Amberker, MD
Fellow
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Owais Bhatti, MD
Fellow
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Clarice E. Carthon, PharmD, BCBS
Clinical Pharmacy Specialist
Department of Pharmacy
Barnes-Jewish Hospital
St. Louis, Missouri
Monica Chang-Panesso, MD
Assistant Professor of Nephrology
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Ying Chen, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Steven Cheng, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Daniel Coyne, MD
Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Reem Daloul, MD
Transplant Fellow
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Fahad Edrees, MD
Fellow
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
Seth Goldberg, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Division of Nephrology
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri
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