Jack K Horner - Natural Radioactivity in Water Supplies

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Natural Radioactivity in Water Supplies

About the Book and Author

There is little disagreement that the potential effects of water contamination on human health and the environment should not be ignored, even though the exact nature of those effects is not yet fully understood. That permanently incapacitating and even lethal substances (asbestos, for example) have, in ignorance, been introduced into the environment may become apparent only decades after their introduction. A new principle in water quality regulation is emerging in response to awareness of these dangers: An individual or organization can be held accountable for hazards to human health or for degradation of the environment created by the introduction of a substance, even if the individual or organization is not the source of that substance, even if no regulation of the substance currently exists, and even if the substance is not known to be hazardous or to degrade the environment at the time its release occurs.

This book outlines the scientific aspects of the control of natural radioactivity in water supplies, as well as the labyrinthine uncertainties in water quality regulation concerning natural radiocontamination of water. The author provides an introduction to the theory of natural radioactivity, addresses risk assessment, describes sources and effects of natural radiocontamination of water, surveys federal water law concerning natural radiocontamination, and presents an account of how one city dealt with the perplexities that mark this rapidly evolving area of water quality regulation.

Jack K. Horner is a senior scientist at Science Applications International Corporation in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Natural Radioactivity in Water Supplies

Jack K.Horner

First published 1985 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2021 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1985 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 85-51917

ISBN 13: 978-0-3670-0534-4 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-5521-6 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429035203

dedicated to my parents, who gave me the chance to learn
and
to the memory of Alberto Coffa, who taught me

Contents

1. 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
   1. Introduction
   2. Electricity in Matter
   3. The Discovery of Radioactivity
   4. The Characterization of Radioactive Emanations
   5. The Theory of Radioactive Transformations
   6. A New Model of the Atom Emerges
   7. Passage of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays Through Matter
   8. Measurement of Radioactivity
   9. Detector Construction
2. 3 MECHANISMS OF EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION
   1. Introduction
   2. Measures of Exposure
   3. The Natural Ionizing Radiation Background
   4. Contributions to Ambient Exposure by Human Activities
   5. Environmental Transport of Radionuclides
3. 4 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
   1. Introduction
   2. Some Features of Human Genetics
   3. Existing Frequency of Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders
   4. Genetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Experimental Mammals
   5. Miscellaneous Human Data
   6. Genetic Effects on Man
   7. Nonheritable Effects: Cancer Induction
   8. Summary of Biological Effects
4. 5 THE ROLE OF VALUES IN RADIATION PROTECTION POLICY
   1. Introduction
   2. An Important Criterion
   3. Naturalism
   4. Nonnaturalism
   5. Emotivism
   6. Prescriptivism
   7. Multifunctionalism
   8. How Do We Determine What Is Desirable in Health Policy?
   9. Health Policy and Obligation
   10. Justice in the Distribution of Health Risks
   11. Summary
5. 6 THE LEGAL MILIEU
   1. Introduction
   2. Early Federal Water Pollution Law
   3. The Clean Water Act
   4. The Safe Drinking Water Act
   5. Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
   6. Summary
6. 7 ONE CITY'S EXPERIENCE
   1. Introduction
   2. Concern About Liability Under Federal Water Law
   3. Difficulties in Anticipating Uranium Standards
   4. Concerns About the Zero-Discharge Promise
   5. Concerns About the Mine-Dewatering Proposals
   6. Concerns About Mill Impact
   7. Concerns About Drinking Water Decontamination
   8. Postscript
7. 8 SUMMARY: THE DETERMINANTS OF EVOLVING REGULATION

1. 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
   1. Introduction
   2. Electricity in Matter
   3. The Discovery of Radioactivity
   4. The Characterization of Radioactive Emanations
   5. The Theory of Radioactive Transformations
   6. A New Model of the Atom Emerges
   7. Passage of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays Through Matter
   8. Measurement of Radioactivity
   9. Detector Construction
2. 3 MECHANISMS OF EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION
   1. Introduction
   2. Measures of Exposure
   3. The Natural Ionizing Radiation Background
   4. Contributions to Ambient Exposure by Human Activities
   5. Environmental Transport of Radionuclides
3. 4 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION
   1. Introduction
   2. Some Features of Human Genetics
   3. Existing Frequency of Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders
   4. Genetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Experimental Mammals
   5. Miscellaneous Human Data
   6. Genetic Effects on Man
   7. Nonheritable Effects: Cancer Induction
   8. Summary of Biological Effects
4. 5 THE ROLE OF VALUES IN RADIATION PROTECTION POLICY
   1. Introduction
   2. An Important Criterion
   3. Naturalism
   4. Nonnaturalism
   5. Emotivism
   6. Prescriptivism
   7. Multifunctionalism
   8. How Do We Determine What Is Desirable in Health Policy?
   9. Health Policy and Obligation
   10. Justice in the Distribution of Health Risks
   11. Summary
5. 6 THE LEGAL MILIEU
   1. Introduction
   2. Early Federal Water Pollution Law
   3. The Clean Water Act
   4. The Safe Drinking Water Act
   5. Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
   6. Summary
6. 7 ONE CITY'S EXPERIENCE
   1. Introduction
   2. Concern About Liability Under Federal Water Law
   3. Difficulties in Anticipating Uranium Standards
   4. Concerns About the Zero-Discharge Promise
   5. Concerns About the Mine-Dewatering Proposals
   6. Concerns About Mill Impact
   7. Concerns About Drinking Water Decontamination
   8. Postscript
7. 8 SUMMARY: THE DETERMINANTS OF EVOLVING REGULATION

1. ii
2. iii

Guide

Figures

2-1 Schematic of Roentgen's gas discharge tube

2-2 Schematic of Thompson's apparatus for determining the charge-to-mass ratio of cathode rays

2-3 Pictorial of Becquerel's apparatus for measuring the magnetic deflection of beta rays

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