Barry Scott Zellen - The Fast-Changing Arctic: Rethinking Arctic Security for a Warmer World

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The Fast-Changing

Arctic

NORTHERN LIGHTS SERIES

Copublished with the Arctic Institute of North America

issn 1701-0004 (print) issn 1925-2943 (online)

This series takes up the geographical region of the North (circumpolar regions within the zone of discontinuous permafrost) and publishes works from all areas of northern scholarship, including natural sciences, social sciences, earth sciences, and the humanities.

No. 1 Nunavik: Inuit-Controlled Education in Arctic Quebec Ann Vick-Westgate Copublished with the Katutjiniq Regional Development Council

No. 2 Many Faces of Gender: Roles and Relationships through Time in Northern Indigenous Communities Edited by Lisa Frink, Rita S. Shepard, and Gregory A. Reinhardt Copublished with University Press of Colorado

No. 3 New Owners in their Own Land: Minerals and Inuit Land Claims Robert McPherson

No. 4 War North of 80: The Last German Arctic Weather Station of World War II Wilhelm Dege, translated and edited by William Barr Copublished with University Press of Colorado

No. 5 Writing Geographical Exploration: Thomas James and the Northwest Passage 163133 Wayne K.D. Davies

No. 6 As Long as This Land Shall Last: A History of Treaty 8 and Treaty 11, 18701939 Ren Fumoleau

No. 7 Breaking Ice: Renewable Resource and Ocean Management in the Canadian North Edited by Fikret Berkes, Rob Huebert, Helen Fast, Micheline Manseau, and Alan Diduck

No. 8 Alliance and Conflict: The World System of the Inupiaq Eskimos Ernest S. Burch Copublished with the University of Nebraska Press

No. 9 Tanana and Chandalar: The Alaska Field Journals of Robert A. McKennan Edited by Craig Mishler and William E. Simeone Copublished with University of Alaska Press

No. 10 Resurrecting Dr. Moss: The Life and Letters of a Royal Navy Surgeon, Edward Lawton Moss, MD, RN, 18371880 Paul C. Appleton, edited by William Barr

No. 11 Lands that Hold One Spellbound: A Story of East Greenland Spencer Apollonio

No. 12 Biocultural Diversity and Indigenous Ways of Knowing: Human Ecology in the Arctic Karim-Aly S. Kassam

No. 13 Arctic Scientist, Gulag Survivor: The Biography of Mikhail Mikhailovich Ermolaev, 19051991 A.M. Ermolaev and V.D. Dibner, translated and edited by William Barr

No. 14 The Reindeer Botanist: Alf Erling Porsild, 19011977 Wendy Dathan

No. 15 The Fast-Changing Arctic: Rethinking Arctic Security for a Warmer World Edited by Barry Scott Zellen

The Fast-Changing

Arctic

Rethinking Arctic Security

for a Warmer World

Edited by Barry Scott Zellen

Northern Lights Series

ISSN 1701-0004 (Print) ISSN 1925-2943 (Online)

2013 Barry Scott Zellen

University of Calgary Press

2500 University Drive NW

Calgary, Alberta

Canada T2N 1N4

www.uofcpress.com

This book is available as an ebook which is licensed under a Creative Commons license. The publisher should be contacted for any commercial use which falls outside the terms of that license.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

The fast-changing Arctic : rethinking Arctic security for a warmer world

/ edited by Barry Scott Zellen.

(Northern lights series, ISSN 1701-0004 ; 15)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued also in electronic formats.
Co-published by: Arctic Institute of North America.
ISBN 978-1-55238-646-0
ISBN 978-1-55238-649-1 (ePub)
ISBN 978-1-55238-733-7 (mobi)

1. Security, InternationalArctic regions. 2. Arctic regionsMilitary policy. 3. Arctic regionsStrategic aspects. 4. Arctic regionsForeign relations. 5. Global warmingArctic regions. I. Zellen, Barry Scott, 1963- II. Arctic Institute of North America III. Series: Northern lights series; 15

UA880.F38 2013 355.0335113 C2013-900291-X

The University of Calgary Press acknowledges the support of the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Multimedia Development Fund for our publications. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities. We acknowledge the financial support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program.

Printed and bound in Canada by Houghton Boston

This book is printed on Enviro 100 paper

Cover photo by westphalia (istockphoto.com)

Cover design, page design, and typesetting by Melina Cusano

E-book conversion by Human Powered Design

Contents

Mead Treadwell, Lieutenant Governor, State of Alaska

Arctic Climate Change: Strategic Challenges and Opportunities

Lawson W. Brigham

Alun Anderson

Lassi Kalevi Heininen

Daniel Clausen and LTJG Michael Clausen, USCG

Ian G. Brosnan, Thomas M. Leschine, and Edward L. Miles

Nong Hong

James Manicom

Maj. Henrik Jedig Jrgensen

Europe and the High North Atlantic

Rasmus Gjedss Bertelsen

North America

Rob Huebert

Barry Scott Zellen

Russia

P. Whitney Lackenbauer

Katarzyna Zysk

Lawson W. Brigham

Caitlyn Antrim

Barry Scott Zellen

Lawson W. Brigham

Foreword:
Witnessing an Arctic Renaissance

Mead Treadwell, Lieutenant Governor, State of Alaska

Long famed for its inaccessibility, the Arctic Ocean is rapidly becoming accessible with a rising tide of trade, commerce and resource development fostered by unprecedented seasonal sea ice retreats.

For Arctic states across the globe, the accessible Arctic Ocean presents opportunities of a lifetime. Consider the following: The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that 13 per cent of the worlds undiscovered oil and 23 per cent of its undiscovered gas will be found in the Arctic, and six of the eight Arctic nations are already engaging in offshore energy exploration. Sea ice retreat has beckoned major new shipping in the North, and Russia will have sent as many as eighteen vessels via the Northern Sea Route in 2011 including a giant gas condensate tanker, which transited the route in a record eight days.

The Arctics energy resources, minerals, tourism, and shipping potential make this increasingly accessible region a classic emerging market. Billions of public and private dollars will be invested in its development. New infrastructure will increase our physical access to the Arctic, and commercial expansion will follow.

We are witnessing an exciting Arctic renaissance. Just as the International Polar Year 20079 revealed that the Arctic is not static but is constantly changing, Arctic borders are likewise on the move. Lingering border disputes, issues regarding new territory, and implementation of the Law of the Sea Treaty are among the sovereign challenges were working to resolve in the region. Among Arctic neighbors, its an ongoing balancing act between competition and cooperation.

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