Valerie M. Hudson - Sex and World Peace

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York Chichester, West Sussex

cup.columbia.edu

Copyright 2012 Columbia University Press

All rights reserved

E-ISBN 978-0-231-52009-6

The authors and Columbia University Press gratefully acknowledge the support of the David M. Kennedy Center for International and Area Studies and the Womens Research Institute of Brigham Young University in the publication of this book.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sex and world peace / Valerie M. Hudson... [et al.].

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

isbn 978-0-231-13182-7 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn 978-0-231-52009-6 (ebook)

1. International relationsSocial aspects. 2. Sex discrimination against women. 3. Women and war. 4. Women and peace. 5. PeaceSocial aspects. 6. WarSocial aspects. I. Hudson, Valerie M., 1958

jz 1253.2. s 49 2012

303.66dc23

2011048554

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To Hope Rose and Eve Lily: May your lives be full of joy, confidence, meaningand action!

To Zakia Zaki and Fawziya Ammodi: We are impoverished by your passage from our world. (D&C 123:1315)

To my daughters, whose strength and wisdom astound me.

To my wife, Laura Chapin, for always believing in me.

To my mother, Norda; my wife, Marie; and my daughter, Sarah. Their goodness inspires me.

Map 1. Physical Security of Women

Map 2. Son Preference and Sex Ratio

Map 3. Trafficking in Females

Map 4. Polygyny

Map 5. Inequity in Family Law/Practice

Map 6. Maternal Mortality

Map 7. Discrepancy in Education

Map 8. Governmental Participation by Women

Map 9. Intermingling in Public in the Islamic World

Map 10. Required Codes of Dress for Women in the Islamic World

Map 11. Discrepant Government Behavior Concerning Women

THE TEAM OF AUTHORS for this book is multidisciplinary, and this is reflected in the text. We have two political scientists who specialize in international relations (Hudson and Caprioli), one geographer who specializes in the study of Islamic societies (Emmett), and one psychologist who specializes in the relationships between socialization, gender, and peace (Ballif-Spanvill). These interests manifest themselves in the literature and examples cited in the book. For example, some of our most detailed micro-analyses are of Islamic nations. This emphasis reflects the in-depth knowledge of the circumstances of these nations held by Emmett. Similarly, the socialization examples are drawn primarily from the psychological literature, and not from political science, reflecting the expertise of Ballif-Spanvill. We believe that this diversity of background and professional training enriches the manuscript.

This book would not exist without the goodwill and hard work of many individuals.

First, we would like to thank the WomanStats coders past and present, including first and foremost our director of operations, S. Matthew Stearmer, without whom the project could not have accomplished what it has thus far. We would also like to thank Jana Pope Badger, Brooke Greer, Thelma Young, Jo Cozzens, Rachel Ligairi, Amy Stevenson, Julie Johnson, Evis Farka, Meg Wilkinson, Becca Hall, Hope Buckman, Tania de Oliveira, Joanna London, Dan Phelps, Melissa Paredes, Leah Raynes, Mary Ann Tanner, Ashley Custer, Emily Pomeroy, Casey Fowles Cox, Nichola Taylor, Katie Phelps, Jason Anderson, V. Matt Krebs, Meghan Foster Raynes, Sarah Roessler, Colleen Johnson, Julianne Parker, Amalia Smith, Margy Hannay Elliott, Douglas Melvin Hansen, Carl Brinton, Laura Summers, Becca Nielsen, Patricia Campbell, Charla Finnigan, Autumn Smith Begay, Lindsey Hulet, Diane Bailey, Melinda Hardy, Caitlin Carroll, Luke Warnock, Maren Reynolds, Tiffany Stanley, Erin Roundy, Lindsey Johnson Leon, Becky Perez, Analiesa Leonhardt, Rebekah Butterfield Wightman, Grady Deakin, Vanessa Nielsen Molina, Alixandra Lewis Adams, Michael Hall, Aimee Farnsworth, Kendra Arguello, Lauren Smith, Andrea Kelly, Rachel Fairclough Zirkle, Julie Ford, Jessica Hogstrom, Michele Trichler, Arielle Badger, Kinsi Suttner, Crys Kevan, Stephen Cranney, Morgan Wills, Nick Griffin, Eliza Houghton, Jeramy Ferguson, Victoria Fox, and Jillian Wheeler. It has been a complete joy to work with these young people.

We also wish to thank those who provided funding for our efforts. Among our supporters are the Womens Research Institute; the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies; the Department of Political Science, the Department of Geography, the College of Family, Home, and Social Sciences, and the Office of Research and Creative Activities, all of Brigham Young University; Hunt Alternatives; the Office for the Vice President for Research, University of Minnesota, Duluth; the Sorenson Legacy Foundation; Ruth Silver; and several anonymous donors.

We would also like to thank Mark Jackson and his students at the BYU Library Geospatial Services Center for producing our maps, and Hwanhi Chung for handling the endnotes for two of the chapters.

We would like to thank several scholars whose work has inspired our own, including Rose McDermott, Alma Don Sorensen, David G. Winter, and J. Ann Tickner. Thank you for what you have written, and what you have taught us.

We thank International Security, Foreign Policy, and the Journal of Peace Research for permission to use portions of articles we have published in those journals.

We would like to thank Anne Routon for her confidence in us, as well as two anonymous reviewers who were most helpful in developing the vision of the book.

Finally, we would like to thank our families for giving us the courage and the time to write this book.

JOHN STUART MILL

OUR ANALYTICAL MINDS rarely tend toward a holistic view of complex systems, such as national and international relations. For example, take a moment and picture a tree. What do you see? Perhaps you envision a tall tree with many leaves and a big straight trunk with long branches. Do you think about the root system that is sometimes larger than the part of the tree abovegroundthe roots that keep the tree alive? What alternatives would you have to heal sick trees or to grow new trees if you never considered the roots? We rarely consider the whole picture, and Mill is right that our own modes of thought are the key to effective and positive change. In this book we ask that you consider the whole picture when examining the world of states and international society. Although often overlooked, sex and gender play a big role in world affairs. By overlooking sex and gender, we limit the policy alternatives that we see in the quest to find solutions to world problems.