Panayot Butchvarov - Being qua being: a theory of identity, existence, and predication
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Being qua being: a theory of identity, existence, and predication
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Are there nonexistent things? What is the nature of informative identity statements? Are the notions of essential property and of essence intelligible, and, if so, how are they to be understood? Are individual things material substances or clusters of qualities? Can the account of the unity of a complex entity avoid vicious infinite regresses? These questions have attracted widespread attention among philosophers recently, as evidenced by a proliferation of articles in the leading philosophical journals. In Being Qua Being they receive systematic, unified treatment, grounded in an account of the nature of the application to the world of our conceptual apparatus. A central thesis of the book is that the topic of identity is primary, and that existence and predication, both essential and accidental, are to be understood in terms of identity.
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Being Qua Being : A Theory of Identity, Existence, and Predication
author
:
Butchvarov, Panayot.
publisher
:
Indiana University Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0253137004
print isbn13
:
9780253137005
ebook isbn13
:
9780585215204
language
:
English
subject
Identity, Reality, Metaphysics, Predicate (Logic)
publication date
:
1979
lcc
:
BD236.B87eb
ddc
:
111
subject
:
Identity, Reality, Metaphysics, Predicate (Logic)
Page iii
Being Qua Being
A Theory of Identity, Existence, and Predication
Panayot Butchvarov
INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS Bloomington & London
Page iv
This book was brought to publication with the assistance of a grant from the Mellon Foundation.
Copyright 1979 by Panayot Butchvarov All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses' Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Butchvarov, Panayot Krustev. Being qua being. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Identity. 2. Reality. 3. Metaphysics. 4. Predicate (Logic) I. Title. BD 236.B87 111 78-13812 ISBN 0-253-13700-4 1 2 3 4 5 83 82 81 80 79
Page v
To Vanya and Christopher
Page vii
Contents
Acknowledgments
ix
Introduction
1
One The Apparent Distinctness of Identicals
9
Two Objects and Entities
39
Three Indiscernibility
64
Four Existence
82
Five Essence
122
Six Substances
154
Seven Qualities
184
Eight Accidental Connections
212
Appendix A. Relations
239
Appendix B. Idealism
248
Notes
256
Index
267
Page ix
Acknowledgments
Early versions of portions of this book have been read at a number of universities. I am grateful to the philosophers at those universities for their helpful comments and questions.
A version of some of the themes in chapters one and two appeared as an invited article, "Identity," in Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Vol. II, "Studies in the Philosophy of Language," 1977, and was reprinted in Contemporary Perspectives in the Philosophy of Language (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1978). I acknowledge with thanks the permission of the editors of Midwest Studies and of the University of Minnesota Press to use parts of that article.
To the graduate students in several seminars devoted to the topics in this book, I express my affection and deep appreciation. I have also benefited much from discussions with Dennis Bradford and Deane Curtin, who wrote their doctoral dissertations on related topics.
Albert Casullo read an early version of the manuscript. My colleague Evan Fales read the penultimate version. I owe both of them a special debt of gratitude for their incisive criticism.
Page 1
Introduction
I shall introduce the subject of this book by recalling four puzzles that infect the very foundations of metaphysics.
Sometimes we seem to think about, or imagine, or perceive, or, less fundamentally, talk about what does not exist, e.g., Santa Claus or the pink rat a delirious man supposedly hallucinates some morning. How is this possible? Even if there are mental images and sense-data, it is not a mental image a child thinks about when he thinks about Santa Claus and it is not a sense-datum the delirious man fears when he fears the rat he hallucinates.
Sometimes we think about, or imagine, or perceive, or, less fundamentally, talk about a and b (e.g., the Morning Star and the Evening Star) as if a and b were two things, although in fact, a fact perhaps even known to us, they are one thing. How is this possible? How is it possible that what the statement "a is b" says should seem quite different from what the statement "a is a" says? An aspect of this puzzle is that sometimes we seem to think, or imagine, or perceive, or say that a is F (e.g., that the Evening Star is visible tonight), but not think, imagine, perceive, or say that b is F (e.g., that the Morning Star is visible tonight), even though a and b are one and the same thing; and that there also seem to be cases in which
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