Marvin E. Gettleman - The Middle East and Islamic World Reader

The Middle East and
Islamic World Reader

The Middle East and
Islamic World Reader

Edited by

Marvin Gettleman
and Stuart Schaar

Grove Press

New York

Copyright 1997 by Michael Wolfe

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Published simultaneously in Canada

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Wolfe, Michael, 1945

One thousand roads to Mecca : ten centuries of travelers writing

about the Muslim pilgrimage / Michael Wolfe.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-8021-9452-7

1. Muslim pilgrims and pilgrimagesSaudi ArabiaMecca.

I. Title.

BP187.3.W66 1997

297.352dc21 97-1329

Design by Laura Hammond Hough

Grove Press

an imprint of Grove/Atlantic, Inc.

841 Broadway

New York, NY 10003

Distributed by Publishers Group West

www.groveatlantic.com

Dedicated to Ellen Schrecker and
to the memory of Sandra Shepherd

Contents

ISLAMIC BEGINNINGS: REVELATION,
STATE BUILDING, AND CULTURE

The Quran and Other Islamic Texts

Shiite and Sunni Views on Political Legitimacy

Abd al-Hassan Ali al-Mawardi, On Choosing a Caliph

Allama al-Hilli on the Shiite Imamate

Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Sina [Avicenna],
The Ideal Muslim Intellectual

Rabia al-Adawiyya al-Qaysiyya, A Womans Voice in Sufi Poetry

Abu al-Rayhum Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni,
A Muslim Scholar Examines Hinduism

FROM THE COMING OF STEPPE PEOPLES
TO THE AGE OF GUNPOWDER EMPIRES

Disasters Strike the Muslim World

Usamah ibn Munquidh, An Arab Perspective
on the Crusades

Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, The Mongol Conquest of Baghdad

Ahmad al-Maqrizi, The Bubonic Plague in Syria and Egypt

Abd al-Rahman ibn Khaldun, Effective Rule
and Dynastic Cycles

Shah Abbas and Emperor Jahangir Debate the
Persian Conquest of Kandahar

Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Womens Lives

CONTRADICTIONS OF MODERNITY:
IMPERIALISM AND SOCIAL CHANGE

Decrees from the Ottoman Tanzimat

The Gulhane Proclamation

An Ottoman Bill of Rights

Social and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire

Suraiya Faroqhi, Ottoman Peasants

Hanna Batatu, Political Centralization in Iraq
and Kurdistan

Donald Quataert, Manufacturing Workshops

Alexander Scholch, European Trade with Palestine

Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Plan for Islamic Union

THE TWO WORLD WARS AND THEIR AFTERMATHS

Conflicting Promises During World War I

Sharif Husayn ibn Ali, Desire for Arab Independence

Sir Henry McMahon, Qualifying British Pledges

The Sykes-Picot Agreement on Dividing up Arab Lands

Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Fate of the Armenians in World War I

Challenges to New Nations: Afghanistan, Turkey,
and the Fertile Crescent

Queen Soraya, The Liberation of Afghan Women

Mustafa Kemal, Design for a Modern Secular Turkish State

Halid Edib [Adivar], Dictatorship and Reform in Turkey

Michel Aflaq, Purifying the National Ideal:
Baath Ideology

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Divide India; Create Pakistan

Peter J. Sluglett and Marion Farouk-Sluglett,
Divide and Rule in British-Controlled Iraq

ARABS AND ZIONISTS STRUGGLE OVER PALESTINE

Zionism and its Early Arab Opponents

Theodor Herzl, Zionism: The Vision of
an Eventual Jewish State

Rashid Rida, Pay Attention to Zionist Encroachment

Tiberias, Warning of Zionist Colonization

The Balfour Declaration and the Mandate Period

The Balfour Declaration: A Jewish Home in Palestine

The General Syrian Congress, Our Objections to
Zionism and Western Imperialism

James Ramsay MacDonald, Letter to Chaim Weizmann

Vladimir Jabotinsky, Let Us Settle Palestine
and Transjordan

Palestine on Eve of World War II

Ted Swedenburg, The Palestinian Revolt, 193639

The Arab Response to the Proposed Partition of Palestine

The British Governments White Paper on Palestine

The Biltmore Program

The Creation of the State of Israel

UN General Assembly, the Partition Plan: Resolution #181

UN General Assembly, Palestinian Right of Return:
Resolution #194

The Israeli Knesset, The Law of Return

Arab Assertions: Out of Despair Revived Nationalism

Nizar Qabbani, The Catastrophe of Arab Defeat

Palestinian National Council, The National Charter

Reaching for Peace: United Nations
Security Council Resolutions

UN Resolution #242: Withdrawal from Occupied Territory

UN Resolution #338: End the Fighting

Transformation of Palestinian Politics

Yasir Arafat, We Recognize Israel

Hanan Mikhail-Ashrawi, The Meaning of the Intifada

Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement
of Palestine ( Hamas )

The Peace Process

Principles of a Peace AgreementOslo, Norway

Yitzhak Rabin, The Price of Occupation

The Taba Negotiations

Impasse and New Intifada

King Husayn I of Jordan, Eulogy of Yitzhak Rabin

Ariel Sharon, Program for Dealing with the Palestinians

Marwan Barghouti, Grassroots Leadership
and the Second Intifada

The Arab League, Ratification of the Peace Plan Proposed
by Crown Prince Abdullah ibn Abd al-Aziz of Saudi Arabia

Palestinian Intellectuals Urgent Appeal to
Stop Suicide Bombings

George W. Bush, A New and Different
Palestinian Leadership

GEOPOLITICS OF OIL AND THE COLD WAR CONFLICT

U.S. Presidential Policies, 19472002

The Truman Doctrine

The Eisenhower Doctrine

George H. W. Bush, The New World Order

William J. Clinton, The Battle Against Terrorism

George W. Bush, Beyond Containment and
Deterrence to Preemptive Action

Intervention and Revolution in Iran

Muhammad Mossadeq, Nationalizing Iranian Oil

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini,
Iran in Imperialisms Clutches

Ervand Abrahamian, Democracy or Theocracy:
Irans Islamic Republic

OPEC and the World Economy

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries:
Getting Our Share

Crown Prince Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz,
Oil and the World Economy

Wars at the End of the Twentieth Century and
the Beginning of the Twenty-First

Joe Stork, The First Gulf War: Iran vs. Iraq, 198088

The United Nations and the Second Gulf War:
Security Council Resolution #687

George H. W. Bush, The Second Gulf War and
Kicking the Vietnam Syndrome

Zbigniew Brzezinski, Some Stirred-up Muslims:
Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan

IDEOLOGIES, MOVEMENTS, AND SOCIAL TRENDS