Anthony Wallace - St. Clair
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- Book:St. Clair
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St. Clair: summary, description and annotation
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In this dramatic work of social history, Anthony F. C. Wallace re-creates St. Clair in those years when expectations collided with reality, when the coal trade was in chronic distress, exacerbated by the epic battles between the forces of labor and capital. As he did in his Bancroft Prize-winning Rockdale, Wallace uses public records and private papers to reconstruct the operation of an anthracite colliery and the life of a working-mans town totally dependent upon it. He describes the labor hierarchy of the collieries, the communal spirit that sprang up in the outlying mine patches, the polyglot immigrant life in the taverns and churchs, and the workingmens societies that provided identity to the miners and gave relief to families in distress. He examines the birth of the first effective miners union and documents the escalating antagonism between Irish immigrant workersmostly Catholicand the Protestant middle classes who owned the collieries.
Wallace reveals the blindness, greed, and self-congratulation of the mine owners and operators. These heroes of the entrepreneurial wars disregarded geologists warnings that the coal seams south of St. Clair were virtually inaccessible and, at best, extremely costly to mine, and then blamed their economic woes on the lack of a high tariff on imported British iron. To cut costs, they ignored the most basic and safety engineering practices and then blamed the careless miner and Irish hooligans for the catastrophic accidents that resulted. In thrall to a great dream of wealth and power, they plunged ahead to bankruptcy while the miners paid with their lives.
St. Clair is a rich and illuminating work of scholarshipan engrossing portrait of a disaster-prone industry (a portrait that stands as a sober warning to the nuclear-power industry) and of the tragic hubris of a ruling class that brough ruin upon a Pennsylvania coal town at a crucial moment in its history.
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Also by Anthony F. C. Wallace
THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF INNOVATION (1982)
ROCKDALE: The Growth of an American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution (1978)
THE DEATH AND REBIRTH OF THE SENECA (1970)
RELIGION: An Anthropological View (1966)
CULTURE AND PERSONALITY (1961, 1970)
KING OF THE DELAWARES: Teedyuscung, 17001763 (1949)
THIS IS A BORZOI BOOK
PUBLISHED BY ALFRED A. KNOPF, INC.
Copyright 1981, 1985, 1987 by Anthony F. C. Wallace
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
Published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Distributed by Random House, Inc., New York.
Portions of this work were originally published in slightly different form in Educational Studies and The Pennsylvania Gazette.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wallace, Anthony F. C., [date]
St. Clair : a nineteenth-century coal towns experience with a disaster-prone industry.
1. Coal minersPennsylvaniaSaint Clair (Schuylkill County)History19th century.
2. Coal mines and miningPennsylvaniaSaint Clair (Schuylkill County)History19th century.
3. Saint Clair (Schuylkill County, Pa.)Social conditions. I. Title. II. Title: Saint Clair.
HD8039.M62U6699 1987 307.7660974817 86-46120
eISBN: 978-0-307-82610-7
v3.1
To Helen and Robert Scherr,
whose encouragement and help were indispensable
The Anthracite District in southeastern Pennsylvania (Map by Robert Howard)
Pottsville District, Southern Coal Field, 1871 (Map by Robert Howard)
Methods of entry to veins of coal (Drawing by Robert Howard)
Methods of entry to veins of coal (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Interior plat of a coal slope (Bowen, Coal, and the Coal Miners of Pennsylvania, 1857)
Working in a near-vertical breast (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Miner with a lamp (Bowen, Pictorial Sketch Book of Pennsylvania, 1852)
The coal breaker (Drawing by Robert Howard)
The driver boy (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Mule train and drivers (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
The coal depot at Port Carbon (Frank Leslies Popular Monthly, 1877)
Breasts in the Mammoth Vein (Chance, Mining Methods and Appliances, 1883)
Early form of a coal breaker (Bowen, Pictorial Sketch Book of Pennsylvania, 1852)
Intermediate form of a coal breaker (Bowen, Coal, and the Coal Miners of Pennsylvania, 1857)
Mature form of a coal breaker (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Robert Allison (1827?) (Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 1881)
Beadle fan (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Patent drawing of the Beadle fan (U.S. Patent, 1865; courtesy of National Archives and Records Service)
Cross and front sections of a steeply sloping breast (John Price Wetherill, How Anthracite Coal is Mined, 1881)
Henry C. Carey (17931879), portrait by T. Henry Smith (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania)
John Macomb Wetherill (1828?) (Wiley and Ruoff, Biographical Cyclopedia of Schuylkill County, 1893)
Reppliers Mammoth Colliery (1862) (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Benjamin Bannan (18071875) (Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 1881)
Benjamin Haywood (18041878) (Munsell, History of Schuylkill County, 1881)
The Pioneer Furnace at Pottsville, 1866 (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
The St. Clair Furnace, 1866, showing both furnace and foundry (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Map of mine workings under the St. Clair Tract in 1877 (Annual Reports of the Inspectors of Coal Mines, 1877; courtesy of the Hagley Library and Museum)
Pine Forest Shaft (1866) (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Hickory Colliery (1866) (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Miners cottage at Johns Patch (Photograph by Anthony F. C. Wallace)
Girard Estate trustees with miners children (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
St. Clair in 1873 (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Bowen/McGinness conception of the geology of the Pottsville Basin (Bowen, Coal and the Coal Trade, 1862)
Daddows conception of the geology of the Pottsville Basin (Daddow and Bannan, Coal, Iron, and Oil, 1866)
Geology of the Pottsville Basin as revealed in the Second Geological Survey of 1895 (Lesley, Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, 1895)
Samuel Harris Daddow (18271875) (Schalk and Henning, History of Schuylkill County, 1907; courtesy of Historical Society of Pennsylvania)
The Henry Clay Monument (Elssler, History of the Henry Clay Monument, 1910)
Early photographs of miners, laborers, breaker boys (Annual Reports of the Inspectors of Coal Mines, 1885)
John Maguire (18451912) (Maguire, Reminiscences, 1912)
Unidentified St. Clair miners (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Workers and superintendent at the Eagle Colliery (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Removing bodies after the Avondale Colliery disaster (Harpers Weekly, 1869; courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania)
Street scene in Avondale after the colliery disaster (Harpers Weekly, 1869; courtesy of Special Collections, Van Pelt Library, University of Pennsylvania)
The Miners Journal Building (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
James McParlan (a.k.a. James McKenna), the Pinkerton spy (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Map of the explosion in the Wadesville Shaft Colliery (Annual Reports of the Inspectors of Coal Mines, 1877; courtesy of Hagley Library and Museum)
Property map of St. Clair, 1875 (Beers and Cochran, County Atlas of Schuylkill, Pennsylvania, 1875; courtesy of Hagley Library and Museum)
East side of St. Clair, looking north to Mine Hill (Courtesy of Robert Scherr)
Waiting for the Fourth of July parade (Courtesy of Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
John Siney (18311880) (Courtesy of Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Franklin Benjamin Gowen (18361889) (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Head frame of the East Shaft at the Pottsville Twin Shafts Colliery (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Wadesville Colliery in 1930 (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
Birds-eye view of St. Clair, from a postcard circa 1890 (Courtesy of Robert Scherr)
Second Street, St. Clair, looking north (Courtesy of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County)
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