Brian Lavery - Shipboard Life and Organisation, 1731-1815

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PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY
Vol. 138

SHIPBOARD LIFE AND ORGANISATION,
1731-1815

The N AVY Records Society was established in 1893 for the purpose of printing unpublished manuscripts and rare works of naval interest. The Society is open to all who are interested in naval history, and any person wishing to become a member should apply to the Hon. Secretary, Department of War Studies, Kings College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS. The annual subscription is 30, which entitles the member to receive one free copy of each work issued by the Society in that year, and to buy earlier issues at much reduced prices.

____________________

S UBSCRIPTIONS and orders for back volumes should be sent to the Membership Secretary, 5 Goodwood Close, Midhurst, West Sussex GU29 9JG.

____________________

T HE C OUNCIL of the N AVY R ECORDS S OCIETY wish it to be clearly understood that they are not answerable for any opinions and observations which may appear in the Societys publications. For these the editors of the several works are entirely responsible.

SHIPBOARD LIFE
AND ORGANISATION,
1731-1815

Edited by
BRIAN LAVERY

First published 1998 by Ashgate Publishing

Reissued 2018 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X14 4RN

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright The Navy Records Society, 1998

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 97034827

Typeset in Times by Intype London Ltd

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-34626-0 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-429-43737-3 (ebk)

THE COUNCIL
OF THE NAVY RECORDS SOCIETY
1998

PATRON

H.R.H. THE PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH,
K.G., O.M., F.R.S.

PRESIDENT

Admiral of the Fleet S IR B ENJAMIN B ATHURST , G.C.B., D.L.

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Professor D. M. L OADES , M.A., Ph.D., Litt.D., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S.
A. N. R YAN , M.A., F.R.H IST .S.

Admiral S IR B RIAN B ROWN , K.C.B., C.B.E.

Rear Admiral J. R. H ILL

COUNCILLORS

J. COAD, M.A., F.S.A.

Professor J. B. HATTENDORF, D.Phil.

S. P. ROSE, M.A., Ph.D.

Professor G.E. AYLMER , M.A., D.Phil., F.B.A., F.R.Hist.S.

Lt. Commander L. PHILLIPS , R.D., R.N.R.

E. J. GROVE , M.A.

Lt. Commander A. GORDON , Ph.D. N.A.M. RODGER , M.A., D.Phil., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S.

A.P. M C G OWAN , M.A., Ph.D.

H.U.A. L AMBERT , M.A.

Lt. Cmdr. W.J.R. G ARDNER, R.N., M.Phil.

Professor B.M. R ANFT , M.A., D.Phil, F.R.Hist.S.

PK. C RIMMIN , M.Phil, F.R.Hist.S.,

F.S.A.

J.D. D AVIES , M.A., B.Phil.

C. I. H AMILTON , M.A., Ph.D.

Captain P. G. H ORE , R.N.

A. J. M C M ILLAN , B.A., A.C.I.B.

M. D UFFY , M.A., D.Phil., F.R.Hist.S.

Captain C.. H. O WEN , R.N.

M. B LACKWELL , M.A., Hon. D.Litt. Capt. C. P ARRY , R.N.

R. H ARDING , Ph.D.

R. K NIGHT , M.A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist. S.

R. W. A. S UDDABY , M.A.

HON. SECRETARY
A. D. L AMBERT , M. A., Ph.D., F.R.Hist. S.

HON GENERAL EDITOR
M. A. S IMPSON , M.A., M.Litt., F.R.Hist. S.

HON TREASURER
J. V. T YLER , FCCA

MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY
Mrs A. G OULD

My thanks are due to Roger Knight, David Lyon, Pieter van der Merwe, Roger Morriss, Alan Pearsall, Chris Ware, Iain Mackenzie, Margarete Lincoln, presently or formerly of the National Maritime Museum; N.A.M. Rodger, the Anderson Fellow; Chrissie MacLeod, Clive Powell and Alan Giddings of the Manuscript Section there; to Campbell MacMurray, Colin White, Nigel Tallis and Matthew Sheldon of the Royal Naval Museum; to Jenny Wraight of the Admiralty Library; to the staffs of the Public Record Office and the London Library; to Dr W.E. Ormerod, who has helped me with the interpretation of the medical section, Part H; and to many others who have exchanged ideas over the years.

The idea for a volume such as this is not entirely new. One of the founders of the Navy Records Society, Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, planned to publish one called Official Documents Illustrating the Social Life and Internal Discipline of the Navy in the XVIIIth Century and it appears in the list of other works in preparation in most volumes issued from about 1900 to 1910. Presumably he would have used documents in the Admiralty Library,1 for most of the documents in the present volume were then in private ownership. It is hoped that this collection will supplement other volumes produced by the Society, notably Five Naval Journals 1789-1817 (vol. 91,1951, ed. H. G. Thursfield) and The Health of Seamen (vol. 107, 1965, ed. C. C. Lloyd) to help give a rounded picture of life at sea during the age of sail.

EG MSS 116, Orders and crew list for the Active, 1805; 117, watch and quarter bill for the Cumberland; 118, Orders for the Egmont and Superb.

The selection begins in the second quarter of the eighteenth century simply because there are no suitable documents from earlier periods; such as exist are quoted in the appropriate introductions. The Admiralty Regulations and Instructions [1] are the earliest to be included. They are taken as dating from 1731, when they were first written, though the copy used is from the 1745 Regulations, which incorporated small textual amendments. Manuscript documents relating to life on individual ships begin with the Magnanime orders of 1759-61 [4] and such papers become increasingly common during the American War and appear in profusion after 1793. This volume closes in 1815, not because of any lack of documents from the later period, but because the postwar Navy was entering a new era, with vastly different problems in recruiting and organising seamen during the long peace of the nineteenth century, followed by the development of steam power.

This work concentrates on the daily routine of shipboard life rather than the more dramatic events such as battle and mutiny. This is not to deny the importance of such events, or their effect on the daily life of the Navy. In wartime both officers and crews were constantly aware of the possibility of battle at any moment and the best officers kept their crews in constant readiness for it. Mutiny was another matter which was never far from the surface, between about 1782 and 1805 at least. Officers such as Phillip Patton reflected on the causes and effects of the Great Mutinies of 1797 and every captain of that period was aware of the dangers of it. According to A. J. Griffiths, The recollection of the disgraceful mutinies of 1797 and 1798 seemed to have made us so tenacious on the subject that we were too apt perhaps to resolve everything to a spirit of mutiny. [16]

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