John E. Hall PhD - Guyton & Hall Physiology Review, 2e

Guyton & Hall Physiology Review

Second Edition

John E. Hall, PhD

Arthur C. Guyton,

Professor and Chair , Associate Vice Chancellor for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi

Saunders

Copyright

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GUYTON & HALL PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW, SECOND EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4160-5452-8

Copyright 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN: 978-1-4160-5452-8

Acquisitions Editor: William R. Schmitt

Developmental Editors: Christine Abshire

Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian

Senior Project Manager: Sarah Wunderly

Design Direction: Louis Forgione

Printed in China

Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contributors

Thomas H. Adair, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

David J. Dzielak, PhD, Professor of Surgery, Professor of Health Sciences, Associate Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

Joey P. Granger, PhD, Billy Guyton Professor of Physiology and Biophysics and Medicine, Dean of the School of Graduate Studies, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

John E. Hall, PhD, Arthur C. Guyton Professor and Chair, Associate Vice Chancellor for Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

Robert L. Hester, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

Thomas E. Lohmeier, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

R. Davis Manning, PhD, Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

David B. Young, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi,

Preface

Self-assessment is an important component of effective learning, especially when studying a subject as complex as medical physiology. The Guyton & Hall Physiology Review is designed to provide a comprehensive review of medical physiology through multiple-choice questions and explanations of the answers. Medical students preparing for the United States Medical Licensure Examinations (USMLE) will also find this book useful, since test questions have been constructed according to the USMLE format.

The questions and answers in this review are based on Guyton and Halls Textbook of Medical Physiology, twelfth edition (TMP 12). More than 1000 questions and answers are provided, and each answer is referenced to the Textbook of Medical Physiology to facilitate a more complete understanding of the topic and self-assessment of your knowledge. Illustrations are used to reinforce basic concepts. Some of the questions incorporate information from multiple chapters in the Textbook of Medical Physiology to test your ability to apply and integrate the principles necessary for the mastery of medical physiology.

An effective way to use the review is to allow an average of 1 minute for each question in a given unit, approximating the time limit for a question in the USMLE examination. As you proceed, indicate your answer next to each question. After finishing the questions and answers, spend as much time as necessary to verify your answers and to carefully read the explanations provided. Read the additional material referred to in the Textbook of Medical Physiology, especially for questions where incorrect answers were chosen.

Guyton & Hall Physiology Review should not be used as a substitute for the comprehensive information contained in the Textbook of Medical Physiology. It is intended mainly as a means of assessing your knowledge of physiology and of strengthening your ability to apply and integrate this knowledge.

We have attempted to make this review as accurate as possible, and we hope that it will be a valuable tool for your study of physiology. We invite you to send us your critiques, suggestions for improvement, and notifications of any errors.

I am grateful to each of the contributors for their careful work on this book. I also wish to express my thanks to William Schmitt, Rebecca Gruliow, Christine Abshire, and the rest of the Elsevier staff for their editorial and production excellence. I am especially indebted to the late Dr. Arthur C. Guyton, who wrote the first eight editions of the Textbook of Medical Physiology, beginning nearly 50 years ago. I had the privilege of working with him on the ninth and tenth editions and have attempted in the last two editions to continue his practice of accurately presenting the complex principles of physiology in language that is easy for students to read and understand.