TannerThies Roger. - Physiology - An Illustrated Review

Physiology
An Illustrated Review

Roger TannerThies, PhD

Professor Emeritus of Physiology
The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

Thieme

New York Stuttgart

Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
333 Seventh Ave.
New York, NY 10001

Vice President and Editorial Director, Educational Products: Anne T. Vinnicombe
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Illustrations: By Atelier Gay + Rothenburger (Sternsfels, Germany) from Stefan Silbernagl and Agamemnon Despopoulos: Color Atlas of Physiology, sixth edition, Thieme 2009, and other books in the Thieme Flexibook series, except as noted.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

TannerThies, Roger.

Physiology: an illustrated review/Roger TannerThies.

p.; cm. (Thieme illustrated review series)

Includes index.

Summary: PhysiologyAn Illustrated Review helps you master important physiologic facts and concepts and teaches you how to apply that knowledge successfully on course exams and in daily practice. This indispensable review book includes 200 spectacular, full-color illustrations depicting cardiologic, cellular, and renal function. It also includes all the regular series features, including 400 print and online review questions and explanatory answersProvided by publisher.

ISBN 978-1-60406-202-1 (pbk.)

1. Human physiologyAtlases. 2. Human physiologyExaminations, questions, etc. I. Title. II. Series: Thieme illustrated review series

[DNLM: 1. Physiological PhenomenaAtlases. 2. Physiological PhenomenaExamination Questions. QT 18.2]

QP40.T36 2012

612dc23

2011027808

Copyright 2012 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation without the publishers consent is illegal and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage.

Important note: Medical knowledge is ever-changing. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may be required. The authors and editors of the material herein have consulted sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error by the authors, editors, or publisher of the work herein or changes in medical knowledge, neither the authors, editors, nor publisher, nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation of this work, warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of such information. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this publication is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.

Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.

Printed in Canada

5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 978-1-60406-202-1

Your Illustrated Review Series book is a two-part package that will be invaluable for your course and exams. In addition to the wealth of illustrations and information in this book, you also get access to 400 review questions online at WinkingSkull.com. These questions (200 from the book plus 200 more) both factual and clinical-case-based multiple choice all have answer explanations for right and wrong answers. Test yourself and get immediate feedback, quickly identifying areas of mastery or for further study.

After completing a short form to verify your e-book purchase, you will be provided with the instructions and access codes necessary to retrieve access to the review questions.

Please visit http://www.thieme.com/bonuscontent to get started today!

This book is dedicated to my family:
My wife, Nancy
My sons, Eric and David
My stepchildren, Curtis and Christina

Contents

Preface

Understanding human physiology, the function of the body, from subcellular processes to those of the whole organism, is essential for any health professional. Health depends upon the proper functioning of all body systems. When there is a malfunction, our bodies have many methods of self-correction, but they also benefit from interventions by skilled health professionals. In order to intervene successfully, the health professional has to correctly diagnose the malfunction, provide the appropriate treatment, and monitor and recognize when function returns to normal. This chain of events is all dependent on an understanding of physiology.

Our understanding of physiology has developed over the last century and a half due to the efforts of thousands of medical scientists. The French physiologist, Claude Bernard, summarized his understanding of the functions of the body with a book entitled, The Basis of Experimental Medicine 150 years ago. His best known concept is that of the internal environment and its relative constancy. All cells in the body are bathed in a dilute salt solution similar to that of sea water eons ago. Our bodies regulate the composition of this solution to maintain the viability of all our cells. One part of physiology is the study of how the body regulates the composition of this solution. About 100 years ago, Walter Cannon, MD, coined the term homeostasis to describe this constancy. Such control is not static, but requires energy to maintain the steady state of the bathing solution. About 50 years ago, Arthur Guyton, MD, the great physiology teacher, and others applied engineering control systems theory to physiological processes. Negative feedback control is one concept they applied to physiological systems. So physiological understanding continues to grow.

There have been many breakthroughs in our understanding of physiology in recent years. We can now describe many of the mechanisms by which the brain and psychological states influence functions of other organs and body systems. Molecular genetics has discovered the genetic defects that lead to many pathophysiological processes, and ways of treating such defects have been devised. Satellite cells that were originally described in skeletal muscle tissue 40 years ago have now been seen in most tissues and provide a means of regeneration of tissues and possibly organs. As physiological understanding continues to expand, medical science will find treatments to maintain longer and better human life.

PhysiologyAn Illustrated Review covers the facts of physiology and integrates the concepts that you must master for success in the classroom and for the USMLE. It provides a concise study aid for physiology courses. It can also be used as a succinct source of key knowledge for daily clinical practice.