John W. Erdman Jr. - Present Knowledge in Nutrition

We dedicate this edition to our families who supported us during its creation, and to our scientific families (our mentors and colleagues) who make working in the field of nutritional sciences exciting, worthwhile, and a wonderful lifes profession.

This edition first published 2012

1953, 1956, 1967, 1976, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2012 International Life Sciences Institute

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wileys global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

Editorial offices: 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Blackwell Publishing, provided that the base fee is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee codes for users of the Transactional Reporting Service are ISBN-13: 978-0-4709-5917-6/2012.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Present knowledge in nutrition. 10th ed. / edited by John W. Erdman Jr., Ian A. Macdonald, Steven H. Zeisel.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-470-95917-6 (pbk. : alk. paper)

I. Erdman, John W. II. Macdonald, Ian A., 1952 III. Zeisel, Steven H. IV. International Life Sciences Institute.

[DNLM: 1. Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. QU 145]

363.8dc23

2012007483

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

Cover images: iStockphoto.com

Cover design by Nicole Teut

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

List of Contributors

Peter J. Aggett
School of Health and Medicine
Physics Building
Lancaster University
Lancaster LA1 4YD
UK

Janice Albert
Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
Rome 00153
Italy

Lindsay H. Allen
USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center
University of California, Davis
430 W. Health Sciences Drive
Davis, CA 95616
USA

John J.B. Anderson
Department of Nutrition
Gillings School of Global Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7461
USA

Arne Astrup
Faculty of Science
University of Copenhagen
Rolighedsvej 30
DK-1958 Frederiksberg
Denmark

Thiane G. Axelsson
Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology
Divisions of Baxter Novum and Renal Medicine
Karolinska Institutet
Karolinska University Hospital
Huddinge
Stockholm 141 86
Sweden

Lynn B. Bailey
Department of Foods and Nutrition
University of Georgia
273 Dawson Hall
Athens, GA 30602
USA

Joseph L. Baumert
Department of Food Science and Technology
University of Nebraska
237 Food Industry Building
Lincoln, NE 68585-0919
USA

Prasad Bellur
Monsanto Research Centre
#44/2A, Vasants Business Park
Bellary Road NH 7, Hebbal
Bangalore 560092
India

Claire E. Berryman
Department of Nutritional Sciences
110 Chandlee Laboratory
The Pennsylvania State University
University Park, PA 16802
USA

Lucien Bettendorff
University of LigeGIGA-Neurosciences
Av. de lHpital 1 B36
Lige 4000
Belgium

Sekhar Boddupalli
Monsanto Vegetable Seeds
Woodland, CA 95695
USA

Annalies Borrel
UNICEF Office of Emergency Programmes-Humanitarian Policy and Advocacy
New York
USA

Jennie Brand-Miller
Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders
University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW 2006
Australia

Ronette R. Briefel
Mathematica Policy Research
1100 1st Street NE, 12th Floor
Washington, DC 20002-4221
USA

Alan L. Buchman
Department of Medicine
Feinberg School of Medicine
Northwestern University
Chicago, IL 60611
USA

Louise M. Burke
Australian Institute of Sport Sports Nutrition
PO Box 176
Leverrier Crescent
Belconnen
ACT 2617
Australia

Leah E. Cahill
Department of Nutrition
Harvard School of Public Health
Building 2
655 Huntington Avenue
Boston, MA 02115
USA

Philip C. Calder
Institute of Human Nutrition
University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine
IDS Building MP887 Southampton General Hospital
Tremona Road
Southampton SO16 6YD
UK

Robert Carter, III
Military Nutrition Division
US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
42 Kansas Street
Natick, MA 01760-5007
USA

Krista Casazza
Department of Nutrition Sciences
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
1675 University Blvd, WEBB 439
Birmingham, AL 35294-3360
USA

Marie A. Caudill
Division of Nutritional Sciences
Cornell University
228 Savage Hall
Ithaca, NY 14853
USA

Samuel N. Cheuvront
Military Nutrition Division
US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine
42 Kansas Street
Natick, MA 01760-5007
USA

Michal Chmielewski
Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine
Medical University of Gdansk
ul. Debinki 7
20-811 Gdansk
Poland

Dallas L. Clouatre
Glykon Technologies Group, LLC
1112 Montana Avenue #541
Santa Monica, CA 90403
USA

Paul M. Coates
Office of Dietary Supplements
National Institutes of Health
6100 Executive Blvd, Room 3B01, MSC 7517
Bethesda, MD 20892-7517
USA

Stephen Colagiuri
Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders
University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW 2006
Australia

Karen D. Corbin
UNC Nutrition Research Institute
Department of Nutrition
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
500 Laureate Way, Rm 2218
Kannapolis, NC 28081
USA

Joseph Cornelius
Monsanto Company
800 North Lindbergh Blvd
St. Louis, MO 63167
USA

Vanessa R. da Silva
Department of Foods and Nutrition
University of Georgia
273 Dawson Hall
Athens, GA 30602
USA

Sai Krupa Das
Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging
Tufts University
711 Washington Street
Boston, MA 02111-1524
USA

Jeanne H.M. de Vries
Division of Human Nutrition
WU Agrotechnology & Food Sciences
Wageningen University
Bomenweg 2 # 307/214
6703HD Wageningen
The Netherlands

Alan M. Diamond