M. R. Bennett - History of Cognitive Neuroscience

This paperback edition first published 2013

2013 M. R. Bennett and P. M. S. Hacker

Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (hardback, 2008)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bennett, M. R.

History of cognitive neuroscience / M.R. Bennett and P.M.S. Hacker.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4051-8182-2 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-1183-4634-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Cognitive neuroscienceHistory. I. Hacker, P. M. S. (Peter Michael Stephan) II. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Cognitive Sciencehistory. 2. Neuropsychologyhistory. 3. Brainphysiology. 4. Cognitionphysiology. WL 11.1 B472h 2008]

QP360.5.B463 2008

612.8233dc22

2008018526

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: Paul Klee, Threatening Snowstorm, 1927, 291, pen and watercolour on paper on cardboard, 49.9 31.6 cm. Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art, Edinburgh, Vermchtnis Anna G. Blair. DACS 2008.

Cover design by Nicki Averill Design.

For Adam and David

List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Helmholtz

Fig. 1.2 Helmholtzs argument on how a perception is formed

Fig. 1.3 The Kanizsa and Ponzo illusions

Fig. 1.4 The Adelbert Ames distorting room

Fig. 1.5 Ramachandrans bumps and hollows

Fig. 1.6 The phenomenon of filling in

Fig. 1.7 Rubins vase or two faces and Jastrows duck-rabbit

Fig. 1.8 Gestalt Laws of proximity, similarity and good continuation

Fig. 1.9 Techniques for observing behaviours of split-brain patients

Fig. 1.10 Axons have different functions in different parts of corpus callosum

Fig. 1.11 Brodmanns charts of convex and medial surface of cortex

Fig. 1.12 Neuronal orientation selectivity in primary visual cortex

Fig. 1.13 Ocular dominance columns in primate visual cortex

Fig. 1.14 Firing of neurons in inferior temporal cortex of a monkey in response to different images

Fig. 1.15 Random-dot stereogram

Fig. 1.16 Psychophysical experiments in conjunction with non-invasive brain imaging

Fig. 1.17 Shepard and Metzler-type drawings used in mental rotation experiments

Fig. 1.18 Synchronized neuronal firing of two different groups of cortical neurons

Fig. 1.19 Synchronized neuronal firing in three different groups of neurons in each hemisphere of the visual cortex of a cat

Fig. 1.20 Forward and backward projections to the primary visual cortex

Fig. 1.21 The stimuli used to determine the role of visual area 17 in visual imagery.

Fig. 1.22 Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on response times for imagery tasks

Fig. 2.1 Reconstruction by a subject of two speeches presented as mixed speeches

Fig. 2.2 Broadbents mechanism for selective auditory attention

Fig. 2.3 Treismans mechanism for detecting letter G in a display

Fig. 2.4 Reaction times of a subject for displays of different sizes

Fig. 2.5 Effect of brain stem stimulation on electrocortical activity

Fig. 2.6 Occipital potentials for subjects, in different arousal states, to flashes of light

Fig. 2.7 Auditory evoked potentials evoked by stimuli to each ear

Fig. 2.8 Effect of visual stimulus size and duration on choice by a subject with no V1

Fig. 2.9 Conscious and unconscious visual discrimination following lesions to primary visual cortex

Fig. 2.10 Firing of superior colliculus neurons in a monkey when a spot appears on a screen

Fig. 2.11 Experiments on the role of neurons in the superior colliculus

Fig. 2.12 Reaction times to detect a visual target after a parietal cortex lesion

Fig. 2.13 Enhancement of neuron firing in parietal cortex on detecting a dimming light

Fig. 2.14 Changes in firing of neurons in visual area V4 due to selective attention

Fig. 2.15 Identification of brain areas that generate the P3 auditory evoked response potential

Fig. 3.1 Lesions of the hippocampus show that it is required for memory in humans

Fig. 3.2 Classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica

Fig. 3.3 Discovery of neurons in the hippocampus that fire optimally when the rat is in a particular place

Fig. 3.4 Experiments that established the phenomenon of long-term potentiation (LTP)

Fig. 3.5 Experiments showing that NMDA receptors are involved in associative LTP

Fig. 3.6 Effects of polarization of neurons during stimulation on the generation of LTP

Fig. 3.7 Experiments showing that cAMP simulates late stages of LTP

Fig. 3.8 Experiments showing that AMPA are not involved in LTP

Fig. 4.1 Models of language systems in the cortex

Fig. 4.2 Wernickes theory of how aphasia arises

Fig. 4.3 Treismans theory of the operation of the mental dictionary and its units

Fig. 4.4 Mortons models for word recognition and speech recognition

Fig. 4.5 Mortons more recent logogen models for language

Fig. 4.6 Recent theories of speech

Fig. 4.7 Levelts theory for speech

Fig. 4.8 PET images of subjects when presented with four different sets of word-like stimuli

Fig. 4.9 PET images of subjects when presented with words and when speaking words

Fig. 4.10 PET images of patients with various kinds of damage

Fig. 4.11 Activity in different areas of temporal cortex accompanying perceiving animals or tools

Fig. 4.12 PET localization of active areas during certain movement types and the corresponding action words

Fig. 5.1 Types of feelings distinguished

Fig. 5.2 Types of affections distinguished