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Published by State University of New York Press, Albany 1986 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address State University of New York Press, State University, Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Fox, Michael W., 1937 Laboratory animal husbandry.
Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Laboratory animals. 2. Laboratory animals Behavior. 3. Animals, Treatment of. 4. Animal experimentation. I. Title. SF406.F69 1986 636.08'85 85-9766 ISBN 0-88706-13-0 ISBN 0-88706-138-9 (pbk.)
Page v
About the Author
Michael W. Fox is a veterinarian and ethologist. His earlier research was on the behavior and development of wolves, dogs, and related canids, and he has served on committees for the Institue for Laboratory Animal Resources and was chairman for the Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Ethology. He holds degrees in veterinary medicine and doctorates in medicine and ethology from London University. He is currently Sceintific Director of the Humane Society of the United States and Director of the Institute for the Study of Animal Problems, Washington, DC.
Page vii
Table of Contents
Introduction
ix
Chapter 1 The Laboratory Animal Environment: Room for Concern
1
Chapter 2 Present Standards and Questionable Conditions
7
Chapter 3 Experimental Variables
31
Chapter 4 Social Influences and Pheromones
47
Chapter 5 Social Deprivation and Isolation Effects
55
Chapter 6 Handling, Socialization, and Caretaker Effects
71
Chapter 7 Genotypic and Phenotypic Variables
85
Chapter 8 Alternatives and New Directions
99
Chapter 9 Behavioral and Ethical Aspects of Plain and Suffering in Research Animals
129
Chapter 10 Animal Health and Welfare Toward the One Medicine
147
Chapter 11 Animal Rights: Ethical Issues and Human Obligations
157
Appendix I Humane Attitudes in Animal Care
207
Appendix II The Control of the Proximate, Especially Behavioral, Environment
213
Appendix III Section of Animal Welfare Act Relevant to the Veterinarian's Role and Judicial Authority
221
Appendix IV Toward A Philosophy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Care
223
References
229
Index
261
Page ix
Introduction
Laboratory animal husbandry is expanding today beyond the narrow framework of disease control and nutritional problems. Concerns over the physical environment, such as optimal lighting, ventilation, and cage size, were until recently addressed only in relation to disease control. One area of major concern, namely the behavioral and psychological well-being of the laboratory animals, is beginning to receive increasing attention. This is necessary for two reasons. First, on humane grounds: we have ethical responsibilities towards the animals that we use in research. Second, on scientific grounds: bad animals i.e., animals whose physiological and psychological states are not known or are abnormally stressed mean poor research and, conceivably, poor medical applications.
The effects of captivity on the behavior of wild animals and the stress effects of cage rearing, social and environmental deprivation, or crowding on domesticated and laboratory animals are of particular importance, especially in terms of the development of abnormal behavior (Hediger 1950; Fox 1968). This complex area is of concern to veterinarians in whose care and jurisdiction lies the health and well-being of laboratory animals and to the scientist whose research may be influenced by such effects.
The time is ripe for the application of ethology to laboratory animal care since the basic principles of this new integrative science have been already published (Fox 1975).
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