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John R. Smythies - Every Persons Guide to Antioxidants

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Smythies takes an extremely detailed and comprehensive look at the current scientific knowledge of the role of antioxidants in human health. A book for the educated layperson thats well balanced and free of the hype that often accompanies the topic of antioxidants! --Balz Frei, editor of Natural Antioxidants in Human Health and Disease Smythies clearly explains the basic science of antioxidants and then describes the actual studies supporting the importance of these nutrients to health promotion and disease prevention, providing a strong foundation for his practical advice about diet and supplements. Its a rare treat to see full citations provided for follow-up by the interested reader. --Jeffrey B. Blumberg, Chief, Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutritional Research Center on Aging, Tufts University What are antioxidants? What do they do? Should you be taking them? How much is enough, or too much? Dr. John Smythies explores these and other questions you need to have answered about antioxidants in Every Persons Guide to Antioxidants. Oxidants are naturally occuring chemicals in our bodies that derive from oxygen to facilitate essential biochemical processes. However, most oxidants are potentially toxic molecules and the body contains a number of antioxidants for protection against these toxic effects. Overproduction of oxidants, or underproduction of antioxidants, leads to oxidative stress, which has been linked to a wide range of chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimers. Smythies thoroughly evaluates current scientific work on this subject and suggests that a high proportion of many of these diseases can be prevented, or their onset delayed, by proper intake of antioxidants. He examines the pros and cons of the debate over how this necessary intake should be achieved, by eating more fruits and vegetables or by taking supplements in pill form. Smythies surveys the toxicity of antioxidants and recommends under what circumstances they should be given with caution or not at all. He also discusses whether taking supplements requires medical supervision and lists good sources of antioxidants in fruits and vegetables. John R. Smythies, M.D., heads the Neurochemistry Division of the Brain and Perception Laboratory, University of California, San Diego. He is also a senior research fellow at the Institute of Neurology in London and emeritus professor at the University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham. A former president of the International Society for Psychoneuroendocrinology and consultant to the World Health Organization, Smythies is the author of 13 books and more than 200 scientific papers.

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every persons guide to antioxidants JOHN R SMYTHIES MD FRCP - photo 1
every person's guide to antioxidants
JOHN R. SMYTHIES M.D. F.R.C.P.
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY, AND LONDON

title:Every Person's Guide to Antioxidants
author:Smythies, John R.
publisher:Rutgers University Press
isbn10 | asin:0813525756
print isbn13:9780813525754
ebook isbn13:9780585023083
language:English
subjectOxidation, Physiological, Antioxidants--Health aspects, Free radicals (Chemistry)--Pathophysiology.
publication date:1998
lcc:RB170.S69 1998eb
ddc:616.07
subject:Oxidation, Physiological, Antioxidants--Health aspects, Free radicals (Chemistry)--Pathophysiology.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smythies, John R. (John Raymond), 1922
Every person's guide to antioxidants / John R. Smythies.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8135-2574-8 (alk. paper). - ISBN 0-8135-2575-6 (pbk.: alk. paper) I. Oxidation, Physiological. 2. Antioxidants-Health aspects. 3. Free radicals (Chemistry)-Pathophysiology. 1. Title.
RB170.S69 1998
616.07-dc21
98-6810
CIP
British Cataloging-in-Publication information available Copyright 1998 by John R. Smythies
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Please contact Rutgers University Press, Livingston Campus, 100 Joyce Kilmer Avenue, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8099. The only exception to this prohibition is "fair use" as defined by U.S. copyright law.
Manufactured in the United States of America
for Vanna
contents
Introduction
1
part 1
the basics: oxygen, reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress
5
part 2
the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in health and disease
17
part 3
the safety of antioxidants and recomendations
89
APPENDIX
109
ABREVIATIONS
111
REFERENCES
113
INDEX
127

acknowledgements
I am most grateful to Lesley Smythies for her excellent and painstaking editorial work on this book and her advice about immunology; to Christopher Smythies for helpful comments from the point of view of neurosurgery and for supplying the epitaph from Tombstone; and to Vanna Smythies for help in adjusting the material for the lay reader. I should also like to thank my dedicated agent Julie Popkin; Charles Thomas of Pantox Laboratories, San Diego; Jessica Hornik Evans, copyeditor; and Doreen Valentine of Rutgers University Press for her skilled and tireless editorial guidance. I should also like to record the debt that we all owe to the Ireland family of Birmingham, Alabama, pioneers in the active support of promoting the importance of antioxidant vitamins in health and disease.
every person's guide to
antioxidants
Page 1
introduction
We live in an age in which millions of people in the United States and elsewhere take vitamins to supplement their diet under the belief that these will help to maintain good health and ward off illness. An enormous industry for manufacturing, packaging, and distributing vitamins has grown up to meet this need. In the United States there are more than eleven thousand health-food stores and nutrition centers that sell only vitamins and related products. Furthermore, nearly every drugstore and supermarket has an extensive area devoted to vitamin preparations, of which there are hundreds of varieties and brand names. These vitamins are sold either as mixtures of multivitamins and essential minerals or individually. Among the "special" types of vitamins that fill these shelves are those labeled "antioxidants." These include such familiar vitamins as A, C, E, and beta-carotene. Less well-known antioxidants include melatonin, lycopene, zeaxanthin, and various flavonoids.
Newspapers, magazines, and talk shows are brimming with discussions of antioxidants. These accounts claim that antioxidants are effective in helping to prevent cancer, heart disease, and other chronic illnesses. But the mass media also carry reports on some alleged alarming side effects of antioxidants.
For example, the November 25, 1996, issue of Time magazine carried a long article called "Can We Stay Young?," which stated that, although some nutritionists have recommended a diet high
Page 2
in fruits and vegetables that contain antioxidants to combat disease, this approach has an "uneven record." According to the article, in some studies the use of antioxidants appears to be associated with a "dramatic" reduction in cancer and other diseases, but in other studies beta-carotene (the only antioxidant mentioned by name in the article) actually seems to be associated with an increase in cancer. The article concluded: "In either event few contemporary aging researchers think self-medicating at a salad bar is the best way to extend the human life span." This report is seriously misleading, as this book shows, and indicates the level of confusion that the public faces with regard to the science of antioxidants. The March 1997 issue of Consumer Reports carried a section on antioxidants that also provided consumers with conflicting information. The article correctly stated that vitamin E had been shown to be protective against heart attacks but cast doubt on the effectiveness of beta-carotene and vitamin C as protective agents. However, the article neglected to mention a most important fact: antioxidants should always be given as a well-balanced mixture (either in the diet or as supplements) and not singly. In its August 1997 issue, Consumer
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