John Williams - A Digital Tutorial for Ancient Greek Based on John William White’s First Greek Book
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Tutorial Created by Jeff Rydberg-Cox
Classical and Ancient Studies Program
University of Missouri-Kansas City
John William White's First Greek Book was originally published in 1896. The book contains a guided curriculum built around the language and vocabulary of Xenophons Anabasis. This digital tutorial is an evolving edition that is designed to run on both traditional browsers, tablet devices, and phones. Each lesson includes drill and practice exercises in addition to the text itself. The site also includes tab-delimited files for all of the vocabulary and grammar that can be imported into flashcard programs.
For more information about the design of the tutorial, you can read an edited by Gabriel Bodard & Matteo Romanello and published by Ubiquity Press.
You can use these pages to study Ancient Greek online. As you complete the drill and practice exercises in each chapter, you will earn drachmas to help track your progress. The exercises keep track of the questions you have missed and presents those to you more often. Information about your progress is stored in a cookie on your computer. You can clear all of this data on the .
When you have successfully completed all of the exercises in a chapter, you will have ten drachmas. You will lose drachmas as time passes so you know when you need to review chapters again.
Appendix
The Greek Alphabet has 24 letters. You will find a good pronunciation tutorial with recorded audio at http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/pronunchtml/pronunc_guideU.html, and recordings of longer Ancient Greek texts at http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eclip/.
| Form | Phonetic Value | Name |
|---|---|---|
| , | papa, father | Alpha |
| , | bed | Beta |
| , | go, sing | Gamma |
| , | do | Delta |
| , | met | Epsilon |
| , | adze | Zeta |
| , | prey | Eta |
| , | thin | Theta |
| , | pin, machine | Iota |
| , | kill | Kappa |
| , | land | Lambda |
| , | men | Mu |
| , | now | Nu |
| , | wax | Xi |
| , | obey | Omicron |
| , | pet | Pi |
| , | run | Rho |
| , , | sit | Sigma |
| , | tell | Tau |
| , | French u, German | Upsilon |
| , | graphic | Phi |
| , | German buch | Chi |
| , | hips | Psi |
| , | tone | Omega |
At the end of a word , elsewher , as , of a tent.
The vowels are , , , , , , . The remaining letters are consonants.
Vowels are either short or long. There are separate Greek characters (, , , ) for the e and o sounds, but not for a, i, and u sounds. In this book the long vowels are designated by macron - a straight line that appears above the vowel when it is long- , , , , ; the short vowels are , , , .
The consonants are divided into semivowels, mutes and double consonants.
). , , , are liquids, is a siblant.
The mutes are of three classes, and of three orders.
Classes
Labial or -mutes , ,
Palatal or -mutes , ,
Lingual or -mutes , ,
Orders
Smooth mutes , ,
Middle mutes , ,
Rough mutes , ,
Mutes of the same class are called cognate, those of the same order co-ordinate.
The double consonants are (for ), (for ), and .
The consonants are pronounced, in general like their English equivalents; but gamma before , , , or equals (sounds like) the ng in sing, and is called gamma nasal.
A dipthong is a combination of two vowel sounds in a single syllable. The Dipthongs are , , , , , , , , , , . The last three, formed by writing under , , , are called improper diphthongs. Their second vowel is called iota subscript.
The diphthongs are pronounced:
as in aisle
as ou in hour
as in eight
as in quit
as in oil
as in group
as h-oo *
as h-oo *
* For these there is no exact equivalents in English.
Read each of the following words aloud
| -- | day. |
| - | tent. |
| -- | man. |
| -- | he plans. |
| -- | hoplite. |
| - | in the country. |
| - | son. |
| - | speeches. |
| -- | I dwelt. |
| - | thus. |
| - | door. |
| - | in a tent. |
| -- | you lead. |
| -- | wagon. |
| -- | I plunder. |
| -- | frightful. |
| - | self, Lat. ipse. |
| - | in a speech. |
| --- | Greek. |
| -- | good. |
| - | doors. |
| -- | they loose. |
| -- | messenger. |
| - | gift. |
| - | country. |
| -- | bracelet. |
| - | speech. |
| -- | I dwell. |
| -- | Artemis. |
| - | at home. |
Every vowel or diphthong at the beginning of a word has either the rough breathing () or the smooth breathing ( ) mark. The rough breathing shows that the vowel is aspirated, i.e. that it is preceded by the sound of h, as --, day, -, son
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