Richard J. Payne - Global Issues

Politics, Economics, and Culture

Fifth Edition

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Payne, Richard J., 1949
Title: Global issues: politics, economics, and culture / Richard J. Payne, Illinois State University.
Description: Fifth edition. | Boston: Pearson, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015037527| ISBN 9780134202051 (alk. paper) | ISBN 0134202058 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: GlobalizationTextbooks. | World politicsTextbooks.
Classification: LCC JZ1318 .P39 2015 | DDC 303.48/2dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015037527

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN-10: 0-13-420205-8
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-420205-1

The global financial crisis weakened the momentum toward greater globalization. Most countries continue to want the benefits of globalization while simultaneously enacting policies to diminish the costs of globalization. This has led to the emergence of a new form of globalization, gated globalization, which is characterized by more state intervention in the flow of money and goods, increased regionalization of trade, and a deeper emphasis on narrow national interests than on global cooperation. At the same time, the globalization of problems continues to erode the ability of individual governments to effectively address their citizens concerns, which, in turn, weakens bonds between individuals and states. This trend is reinforced by global migration and the declining significance of citizenship. Furthermore, global inequality is reducing support for globalization. These developments are underscored by growing nationalism and religious and ethnic identity, especially in Western Europe, the Middle East, Africa, eastern Ukraine, and Russia.

Global inequality is now a leading global issue. The richest 0.5 percent of the worlds population owns roughly one-third of the wealth. The globalized high-tech economy, which gives an unprecedented financial advantage to highly educated and technologically innovative people, widened the gap between the global elite and the middle class. It also undermined the strong belief in the American dream of upward mobility. The failure of many governments to effectively address inequality and high youth unemployment has triggered massive protests globally, a development aided by widespread access to communications technologies, especially social media.

Edward Snowdens decision to leak massive amounts of information from the National Security Agency about Americas spying on its citizens, citizens of other countries, governments and their leaders, and international organizations presented unprecedented consequences for U.S. national security and foreign policy and the relationship between American government and Americans. Their trust in their government has been undermined. Close American allies such as Germany and Brazil expressed strong opposition to the monitoring of their leaders personal phone calls. Responding to negative global reaction, leading technology firms such as Microsoft and Google stated that the American government in its quest for absolute security had endangered individual privacy.

Social media and big data have emerged as potent forces that are diminishing the significance of national borders and profoundly influencing global politics, economics, and culture. Social media provide a global forum for mass participation, the exchange of ideas, the instant dissemination of information, and individuals to organize globally. Social media enhance the power of the global middle class, thereby promoting democracy and challenging the power of traditional institutions and ideas. Global communications technologies also facilitate the growth and severity of cybercrimes and underscore the need for greater global cybersecurity for governments, nonstate actors, and individuals.

Global food safety is an extremely important issue. Global companies process and market food grown in many different countries. It is difficult for consumers to determine where food comes from. The emergence of China as a major food exporter is heightening concerns about food safety. Apart from the impact of excessive levels of pollution on crops, China has a notorious reputation for deliberately contaminating and adulterating food. Middle-class consumers globally are concerned about genetically modified crops and are attempting to have foods containing them labeled. Eliminating drug-resistant bacteria and limiting the use of antibiotics on farms and curbing their use in medicine are priorities of the U.S. government. Companies such as McDonalds, Costco, and Wholesale Corp. are reducing the use of meat from animals that are raised on antibiotics.