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Wanja Wiese - Experienced Wholeness: Integrating Insights from Gestalt Theory, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Predictive Processing

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An interdisciplinary account of phenomenal unity, investigating how experiential wholes can be characterized and how such characterizations can be analyzed computationally.How can we account for phenomenal unity? That is, how can we characterize and explain our experience of objects and groups of objects, bodily experiences, successions of events, and the attentional structure of consciousness as wholes? In this book, Wanja Wiese develops an interdisciplinary account of phenomenal unity, investigating how experiential wholes can be characterized and how such characterization can be analyzed conceptually as well as computationally.Wiese first addresses how the unity of consciousness can be characterized phenomenologically, discussing what it is like to experience wholes and what is the experiential contribution of phenomenal unity. Considering the associated conceptual and empirical issues, he draws connections to phenomenological accounts and research on Gestalt theory. The results show how the attentional structure of experience, the experience of temporal flow, and different types of experiential wholes contribute to our sense of phenomenal unity. Moreover, characterizing phenomenal unity in terms of the existence of a single global phenomenal state is neither necessary nor sufficient to adequately address the problem of phenomenal unity. Wiese then suggests that the concepts and ideas of predictive processing can be used to analyze phenomenal unity computationally. The result is both a conceptual framework and an interdisciplinary account: the regularity account of phenomenal unity. According to this account, experienced wholes correspond to a hierarchy of connecting regularities. The brain tracks these regularities by hierarchical prediction error minimization, which approximates hierarchical Bayesian inference.

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Experienced Wholeness

Integrating Insights from Gestalt Theory, Cognitive Neuroscience, and Predictive Processing

Wanja Wiese

The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England

2017 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

This book was set in Stone Serif by Westchester Publishing Services. Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wiese, Wanja, author.

Title: Experienced wholeness: integrating insights from Gestalt theory, cognitive neuroscience, and predictive processing / Wanja Wiese.

Description: Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017015380 | ISBN 9780262036993 (hardcover: alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Consciousness. | Phenomenology. | Gestalt psychology. | Cognitive neuroscience. | Inference.

Classification: LCC B808.9. W54 2017 | DDC 128/.2dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017015380

To my parents, Ursula Wiese and Theodor Wiese

Contents

4What Is It Like to Experience a Third Man?
The Phenomenological Bradley and How to Solve It

List of Figures
List of Boxes
Preface and Acknowledgments

When I started thinking about phenomenal unity as a graduate student, I had the impression that it was one of the most important problems surrounding consciousness, but at the same time it seemed completely elusive. A few years later, when I submitted an early version of this book as a dissertation, I still had the feeling that I could not quite see the path to an adequate solution to the problem, although I had a firmer understanding of what could be said about phenomenal unity in conceptually coherent ways. Since then, the manuscript has undergone a thorough transformation, and I hope the result shows that I have been able to shed significantly more light on some of the puzzles related to phenomenal unity and consciousness.

A lot of people have helped me throughout this process. First of all, I thank my supervisor Thomas Metzinger. He has been my teacher and mentor for many years and encouraged and supported me during all stages of my academic career so far. His comments on chapter drafts were always helpful and at some points enabled me to see problems from a completely different perspective. I also gained a more sophisticated perspective on various aspects of the topic by learning about predictive processing. For this I am extremely grateful to my second supervisor, Anil Seth; his work on predictive processing pointed me to relevant connections between theories of perception and other work in psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind. His rigorous way of integrating philosophical and empirical findings has served as a model for many parts of this book.

I am greatly indebted to the Barbara Wengeler Foundation for supporting me with a PhD scholarship for three years (20122015), for awarding me with a Barbara Wengeler Prize for my dissertation in 2015, and for funding trips to several conferences. This has provided ideal working conditions for me, because I have been able to focus entirely on my research. I also profited greatly from the many MIND meetings I attended in the past years. I am grateful to the Barbara Wengeler Foundation for making these regular workshops on current issues of philosophy and related disciplines possible. I am also grateful to Jennifer Windt, who has been the manager of the MIND Group for many years and who organized most of the MIND meetings from which I profited so much.

I thank Philip Laughlin at the MIT Press very much for his support and patience, and his assistant, Chris Eyer, for his support. I am grateful to Amy Hendrickson for creating the wonderful Experienced Wholeness Integrating Insights from Gestalt Theory Cognitive Neuroscience and Predictive Processing - image 2template and documentation at MIT Press.

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