Black Leaders and Ideologies in the South
This book contains a succession of philosophical biographies. The subjects, located in the period c. 18502000, were chosen by virtue of birth and life (even if later exiled) in the American South on the assumption of the distinctiveness of southern conditions. The foundational figures in black southern social and political thought are represented as Frederick Douglass, Booker Washington and Ida Wells. Thurgood Marshall and Martin King are viewed as indispensable, though not foundational. The remaining figures Howard Thurman, Richard Wright, Fred Gray and Barbara Jordan are important in various ways and are seen as illustrative. From the perspective of liberation, the two high points in the African-American Odyssey are marked by emancipation in the nineteenth century and desegregation in the twentieth: Douglass bestriding the first, King and Marshall the second.
Philosophies are not uniformly responsive to setting: here, the thread of resistance runs through most (but not Washington); the thread of nonviolence, with greater or less force, also runs through most (but not Wright). This volume assumes a distinction between (a) an earlier period when Afro-America was more cohesive and collectively committed to self-improvement despite the odds, and (b) the contemporary period, beyond desegregation, marked by rates never previously rivaled of suicide, joblessness, imprisonment, despair and alienation, especially among the black poor. The life stories and philosophies presented here are adjuncts to that earlier period; a volume properly reflecting the second is still to be rolled into place.
This book is a Special Issue of the Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy.
Preston King is Distinguished Professor of Political Philosophy at Morehouse College, Woodruff Professor at Emory University, and Visiting Professor in the Department of Philosophy at The University of East Anglia.
Walter Earl Fluker is Coca-Cola Professor of Leadership Studies, Professor of Philosophy and Religion, and Director of the Leadership Center at Morehouse College. He has held positions at Harvard, Vanderbilt, and elsewhere.
Black Leaders and Ideologies in the South
Resistance and Nonviolence
Preston King & Walter Earl Fluker
First published 2005 by Routledge
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Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
2005 Preston King & Walter Earl Fluker
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Genesis Typesetting Ltd, Rochester, Kent
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
ISBN 0-415-36787-5
CONTENTS
Theory in History: Foundations of Resistance and
Nonviolence in the American South
PRESTON KING
BARBARA J. BALLARD
NORMAN E. HODGES
PRESTON KING
Dangerous Memories and Redemptive Possibilities:
Reflections on the Life and Work of Howard Thurman
WALTER EARL FLUKER
ADAM FAIRCLOUGH
Richard Wright and Black Radical Discourse:
The Advocacy of Violence
LAWRENCE JACKSON
C. ANTHONY HUNT
Destroying Everything Segregated I Could Find:
Fred Gray and Integration in Alabama
JONATHAN L. ENTIN
MARY ELLEN CURTIN
Barbara J. Ballard is Associate Professor of History at Marymount Manhattan College in New York City. Dr Ballard specializes in American history, African-American history and Cultural Studies. She has written various articles in journals and collections. Her forthcoming book is Debating the Negro: Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois and the Twentieth Century (New York: Rowman and Littlefield).
Mary Ellen Curtin, PhD, has been a recipient of fellowships from the Charlotte Newcomb Foundation and from the Carter G. Woodson Institute at the University of Virginia. She has lectured in Florida and Texas, joining the Department of History at the University of Essex in 1998. She specializes in modern African American and Women's history and is the author of Black Prisoners and Their World: Alabama, 18651900 (University Press of Virginia, 2000).
Jonathan L. Entin is Professor of Law and Political Science at Case Western Reserve University, where he teaches courses on constitutional law, public policy and the Supreme Court. He has written many articles on civil rights, among them Litigation, political mobilization, and social reform: insights from Florida's pre-brown civil rights era, 52 Florida Law Review 497 (2000); and Viola Liuzzo and the gendered politics of martyrdom, 23 Harvard Women's Law Journal 249 (2000). He is presently at work on a book about equal protection.
Adam Fairclough is Professor and Chair of American Studies (History) at the University of East Anglia. He is the author of To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr (1987); Race and Democracy: The Civil Rights Struggle in Louisiana, 191572 (1995); Teaching Equality: Black Schools in the Jim Crow South (2001); and Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 18902000 (2001).
Walter Earl Fluker is Coca-Cola Professor of Leadership Studies, Professor of Philosophy and Religion, and Director of the Leadership Center at Morehouse College. He has held positions at Harvard, Vanderbilt and elsewhere. He is the author of They Looked for a City: A Comparative Analysis of the Ideal of Community in the Thought of Howard Thurman and Martin Luther King, Jr (University Press of America, 1989). He is editor of various books, among these, The Stones that the Builders Rejected: Essays on Ethical Leadership from the Black Church Tradition (Trinity Press International, 1998) and A Strange Freedom: The Best of Howard Thurman on Religious Experience and Public Life (Beacon Press, 1998).
Norman E. Hodges, PhD, is Emeritus Professor, Vassar College (Poughkeepsie, NY). He holds degrees from The London School of Economics, Fisk, Yale and Columbia Universities. He has been Fulbright Professor at the University of Nairobi (Kenya) and the University of Benin (Nigeria). He is the author of Breaking the Chains of Bondage: Black History from Its Origins in Africa to the Present Simon & Schuster, 1972) and is now completing work on his long-awaited book: The Garveys: The Human Side of Two Pan-Africanists.
C. Anthony Hunt is Professor of Practical Theology and History at St Mary's Seminary and University, Adjunct Professor at Wesley Theological Seminary, and E. Franklin Frazier Professor of African American Studies at the Graduate Theological Foundation in Columbia, MD. He is a post-doctoral fellow at the Center of Theological Inquiry at Princeton University, and is the author of