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Helene Snee - A Cosmopolitan Journey?: Difference, Distinction and Identity Work in Gap Year Travel

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Helene Snee A Cosmopolitan Journey?: Difference, Distinction and Identity Work in Gap Year Travel
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Does travel broaden the mind? This book explores this question through an innovative sociological study of gap year travel. Taking a year out overseas between school and university is an increasingly legitimate practice for young people in the UK. But what do young people get out of gap years? A wide range of official sources acknowledge gap years as a way of becoming a global citizen and more employable at the same time. Instead of automatically assuming that gap years are a good thing, this book critically considers how this contemporary rite of passage could contribute to the reproduction of structural disadvantage at both a national and international level in relation to young peoples routes into education and employment, and representations of difference and distinction in cultural practices. The key argument running throughout the book is that well-established ways of thinking about and understanding the world are used to frame gap year experiences, including how other people and places are different; the influence of class in determining what has cultural value; and what sort of identity work is worthwhile. Gap years are located at a point where a number of fields overlap: education, employment and the consumption of leisure travel. A Cosmopolitan Journey? will therefore be of interest to students, academics and practitioners in these areas.

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A COSMOPOLITAN JOURNEY?
For Dad
A Cosmopolitan Journey?
Difference, Distinction and Identity Work in
Gap Year Travel
HELENE SNEE
University of Manchester, UK
First published 2014 by Ashgate Publishing Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park - photo 1
First published 2014 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright Helene Snee 2014
Helene Snee has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Snee, Helene.
A cosmopolitan journey? : difference, distinction and identity work in gap year travel / by Helene Snee.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4094-5303-1 (hardback)
1. Educational leave. 2. Leave of absence. 3. Travel. 4. Youth.
5. Cosmopolitanism. I. title.
HD5257.S64 2014
331.25763--dc23
2013044003
ISBN 9781409453031 (hbk)
Contents
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the many people who contributed to this book in one way or another, including the staff and students (past and present) in Sociology at the University of Manchester. In particular, I am grateful to Alan Warde for his guidance over the years. Special thanks (and citations!) to Wendy Bottero for all her help above and beyond the call of duty. I would also like to thank Fiona Devine for being so supportive during the writing of this book, and Nick Crossley, Sue Heath and Mike Savage for their invaluable insights along the way.
I would also like to thank the young people whose gap year stories were the foundation of this study and who kept me entertained (and occasionally envious) with their tales from the road. Special thanks to the participants who took the time to talk to me about their travels.
I am very grateful to my family and friends, especially my mum Jean and my sister Elizabeth for their love and encouragement, and for the moral support Ive received at various stages from: Jo Mylan; Helen Norman; Desmeana Johnson; Andrew Jackson; Katherine Davies; and Lucy Simmers. Last, but certainly not least, thank you to Steven Cook, for everything (you are my favourite).
List of Abbreviations
AoIR
Association of Internet Researchers
CV
Curriculum Vitae
ICS
International Citizen Service
LSYPE
Longitudinal Study of Young People in England
UCAS
Universities and Colleges Admissions Service
VSO
Voluntary Service Overseas
Chapter 1
Introduction
Does travel broaden the mind and help you to find yourself? This book explores whether gap year travel is a way for a young person to become cosmopolitan: a global citizen who is open to cultural difference. Alternatively, are gap year experiences a way for privileged youth to claim they are doing something worthwhile without really learning anything about their place in the world? In this book, I suggest gap years can reproduce standard ways of thinking about difference, and are shaped by historical legacies and dominant ideas about value and worth.
Gap year travel is encouraged by the education sector, government bodies and career guidance literature. When A Level results are released, national newspapers run special features offering suggestions for gap year activities and projects. These articles urge young people to use their time out wisely:
A gap year is still one of the most worthwhile experiences you can have, says Marcus Sherifi, travel editor at Gapyear.com. You learn about yourself, gain independence, learn about other cultures and societies it really makes you a more rounded person. (Thorne 2013: n.p.)
Such benefits are inherently tied to the idea of being cosmopolitan: mobile, engaged with the world, and eager for new experiences.
In this book, I explore the stories of gappers and how their narratives offer insight into cosmopolitanism as a social and cultural practice. I consider how young people engage with difference, and how they understand this; how cosmopolitanism is tied up with ideas about good taste (and cultural distinctions) in travel; and how cosmopolitan gap year experiences are a resource for identity work. Running throughout the book is a theoretical concern with understanding self-development, and whether the legacies of social class and global inequalities guide young peoples gap years along standard scripts.
This chapter introduces gap years in popular culture and academic research. It notes that gap years are a popular activity, but one that is taken by individuals who are relatively privileged. I explore the public debate over what sort of gap year is beneficial for young people and the places they visit, and the emphasis that is placed on doing something worthwhile. The chapter then outlines the history, growth and popularity of youth travel, from the Grand Tours of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, through the Hippy Trail of the 1960s, to the British Princes William and Harry volunteering overseas. These alternative experiences have influenced wider tastes in travel, driven by the rise of the new middle classes who are keen to demonstrate they are not tourists. I then summarise the problems of alternative tourism that are relevant to gap year travel: concerns over who benefits from volunteer tourism; independent travel as a means of accumulating valuable cultural resources; and the role of travel in narrating self-identity.
Introducing the Gapper
To begin, we need to define gap year travel and introduce the gapper, who is a recognisable figure in UK popular culture. In 2000, the profile of gap years was raised when the heir to the British throne Prince William undertook a volunteering placement in Chile (Simpson 2005a: 9). A British television advertisement for coffee features an incompetent but well-meaning gap year student working on a coffee plantation in Kenya (Kenco 2006), while William Sutcliffes novel Are You Experienced? (1997) provides a satirical account of the backpacker trail in India, in which the central character is a 19 year-old British gapper. The stereotypical gapper is a potentially rich source of comedy, such as Orlando, the Gap Yah student created by a young comic who was a viral video success in 2010. Orlando thinks nothing of getting Mummy and Daddy to pay for him to travel the world, doing a bit of charity work here and cocaine smuggling there, on his gap year between Harrow and St Andrews University (Law 2011: n.p.). There are also similar types of youth travel in other national contexts, like the big OE (overseas experience) in Australia and New Zealand (Inkson and Myers 2003).
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