state : See write
substitute : replace a variable by a number and
evaluate
verify : check that a solution or result is correct,
usually by substituting back into the equation or
referring back to the problem
write , state : give the answer, formula or result
without showing any working or explanation
(This usually means that the answer can be found
mentally, or in one step.)
ISBN 9780170413633
Mathematical verbs
xv
CHAPTER OUTLINE
F1.1*
1.01
Simple interest
F4.1
1.02
Compound interest
F4.1
1.03
Inflation and appreciation
F4.1
1.04
Investing in shares
F4.1
1.05
Share tables and graphs
F1.1*
1.06
Straight-line depreciation
F4.2
1.07
Declining-balance depreciation
*Year 11 revision
FINANCIAL MATHEMATICS
INTEREST AND
DEPRECIATION
People once kept their savings under the mattress or in an old tin before they started using
banks. Todays investors are more informed about financial planning and more likely to
invest in the share market, a superannuation fund or property rather than leaving money in
a low-interest saving account. More than half of all Australians own shares, often through a
superannuation fund.
iStock/Getty Images Plus/MillefloreImages
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL:
calculate simple interest using I = P r n , where P is the principal, r is the interest rate per period as
a decimal and n is the number of periods
calculate the future value (final amount), compound interest rate and present value (principal)
using the formula FV = PV (1 + r ) n where FV is the final value, PV is the present value, r is the
interest rate per compounding period as a decimal and n is the number of compounding periods
compare simple interest and compound interest, and compare different investment strategies
apply the formula FV = P V ( + r ) n to problems involving inflation and appreciation
record and graph the price of a share over time
calculate the dividend paid on a shareholding and the dividend yield (excluding franked
dividends)
calculate the salvage value and the depreciation of an asset using the straight-line method and
the declining-balance method.
TERMINOLOGY
appreciation
compound interest
dividend
future value ( F V )
period
quarterly
simple interest
SkillCheck
WS
Assignment 1
Find:
a
5% of $456
b
3.75% of $78
Evaluate each expression correct to decimal places.
a
3400 ( . )
b
( . )
a
Increase $15 by 8%.
b
Decrease $985 by 5%.
c
Decrease $2440 by 12%.
d
Increase $10 by 8% and then decrease by 10%.
Copy and complete each statement.
a
6.4% p.a. = _______ % per quarter
c
If A = P ( + r ) n , find:
a
A if P = 8400, r = 0.0125, n =
b
P if A = 600, r = 0.005, n =
Janelle received a cent dividend for each of her shares.
a
How much did Janelle receive ?
b
If each share is worth $37.50, express the cent dividend as a percentage of
the share value, correct to 2 decimal places.
4.5% p.a. = _______% per half year
b
4.8% p.a. = ______ % per month
d
9% p.a. = ______% per month
c
4.2% of $12
c
( . )
brokerage
declining-balance method
dividend yield
inflation
present value
( P V
)
salvage value
stockbroker
compounded
depreciation
final value
market price
principal
shareholder
straight-line method
NCM 12. Mathematics Standard 2
ISBN 9780170413633
1.01 Simple interest
WS
Interest is money earned on an investment, or money charged on a loan, with a bank,
credit union or other financial institution. Simple interest (or flat-rate interest ) is interest
calculated as a percentage of the principal (the amount of money invested or borrowed).
Simple interest
I = Prn
where I = interest
P = principal or initial amount
r = interest rate per period , expressed as a decimal
n = number of periods
EXAMPLE 1
Simple interest
riddle
Simple interest
WS
Applications
of simple
interest
Whats the
interest?
p.a. means per annum (or per year).
Simple interest
Dilnoor invested $20 at 3.85% p.a. flat interest for months.
Calculate the simple interest Dilnoor earned.
Solution
P = $20 600, r =
0.0385
I = Prn
per month, n = 17 months
= $20 600
0.0385
= $1123.5583
$1123.55
r and n are expressed in the same units (months).
Interest earned is always rounded
down to the nearest cent.
ISBN 9780170413633
Interest and depreciation
EXAMPLE 2
Julia invested $25 in a term deposit at a simple interest rate of 5.2% p.a.
How long was the term deposit if the amount of interest Julia earned was $2311.40 ?
Solution
I = $2311.40, P = $25 400, r = 0.052
I = Prn
$2311.40 = $25 400 0.052 n
$2311.40 = $1320.8 n
n =
$2311.40
$1320.8
= 1.75 years
= 1 year 9 months
EXAMPLE 3
Tuan borrowed $11 over years at 14% p.a. simple interest to buy a home cinema
system.
a
How much interest does Tuan have to
p a y ?
b
What amount does she repay
a l t o g e t h e r ?
c
What is Tuans monthly
p a y m e n t ?
Solution
a
P = $11 200, r = 0.14, n =
I = Prn
= $11 0.14
= $4704
b
Amount to repay = $11 + $4704
= $15
c
Monthly payments = $15
= $441.777
$441.78
principal + interest
3 years = 3 12 = 36 months
Payments are always rounded up
to the nearest cent.
0.75 years = 0.75 12 months = 9 months
NCM 12. Mathematics Standard 2
ISBN 9780170413633
Exercise 1.01 Simple interest
Alana invested $12 at a simple interest rate of 7.2% p.a. for years. Calculate the
interest earned.
Calculate the simple interest earned from each investment.
a
$4250 for years at 3.65% p.a.
b
$35 at 5.5% p.a. for months
c
$48 at 2.85% p.a. for days
d
$3678 for 3
years at 2% p.a.
Georgia invests $2800 for year and months at a flat interest rate of 4.8% p.a. What is