Galileo - Dialogue on the Two Greatest World Systems
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Galileos Dialogue on the Two Greatest World Systems, the most brilliant and persuasive defence of the Copernican theory that the Earth goes around the Sun to have been written in the seventeenth century, is one of the foundation texts of modern science. This new translation renders Galileos lively Italian prose in clear modern English, making the whole of Galileos text readily accessible to modern readers, while William Sheas introduction and notes give a clear overview of Galileos career and draw on the most recent scholarship to explain the scientific and philosophical background to the text. This volume provides everything necessary for an informed reading of Galileos masterpiece.
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Galileo Galilei (15641642) is one of the most fascinating and controversial figures in the history of science. He was appointed professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa in 1589, and in 1592 he moved to the University of Padua where he taught for the next eighteen years. In 1610 he published a number of sensational telescopic discoveries, including that the lunar landscape is like that of a barren earth, and his book, the Sidereal Message, sold out in less than a week. The next year he was awarded the prestigious position of personal mathematician and philosopher to the Grand Duke of Tuscany in Florence. He next found that there are dark spots on the face of the sun and that gave rise to a lively international controversy that is recorded in his Letters on the Sunspots. He argued for a non-literal interpretation of the Bible, and he became involved in a dispute over the nature of comets with a Jesuit professor whom he lampooned in a witty essay, The Assayer. When the Roman Inquisition banned the Copernican theory in 1616, he refrained from writing about the motion of the Earth until a Florentine friend became Pope Urban VIII in 1623. His Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems, which is not only a scientific masterpiece but an outstanding literary work, appeared in 1632. Summoned to Rome he was put on trial and condemned to house arrest in 1633. He nonetheless went on to write his Discourse on Two New Sciences, the work for which he is remembered as the forerunner of Newton. He died in Florence in 1642.
William R. Shea was Galileo Professor of History of Science at the University of Padua where Galileo taught for eighteen years. He has written extensively on the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century, and is currently working on a biography of Galileo.
Mark Davie has taught Italian at the Universities of Liverpool and Exeter, and has published studies on various aspects of Italian literature, mainly in the period from Dante to the Renaissance. He is particularly interested in the relations between learned and popular culture, and between Latin and the vernacular, in Italy in the Renaissance.
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Editorial material William R. Shea 2022
Translation Mark Davie 2022
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First published as an Oxford Worlds Classics paperback 2022
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2022935975
ISBN 9780198840138
ebook ISBN 9780192576453
Printed and bound in the UK by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A.
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Our debts to colleagues and friends are too numerous to be recorded in full but we wish to express our special gratitude to Michele Camerota, who supplied us with illuminating information on science in Galileos day, to Maurice A. Finocchiaro for helping us understand the clash between Galileo and the Church, and to Stefano Gattei for his scholarly study of Galileos background. We owe a special thanks to John Heilbron for his outstanding biography of Galileo and for his helpful advice. We are grateful to Flavia Marcacci for a better understanding of the history of Copernicanism, to Jrgen Renn for pointing out to us some of Galileos forerunners, to Gheorghe Stratan for his lucid critical advice, and to Gino Tarozzi who provided us with new insights.
We are deeply grateful to our wives, Evelyn and Grace, who have been admirably supportive and patient at all times, and to whom we owe more than one good idea.
Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa on 16 February 1564, the eldest son of Vincenzio Galilei and Giulia Ammannati. His father was a musician and the author of an influential Dialogue on Ancient and Modern Music that contains a fierce attack on his former master, Gioseffo Zarlino, and shows a gift for polemics that his son was to display in his own writings. The Galilei were an old Florentine family, and Galileos great-great-granduncle, also named Galileo Galilei, was a famous physician who had been twice elected officer of the Governing Body of Florence and, in 1445, filled the high office of Minister of Justice. Galileo was proud of his ancestry and he described himself as a noble Florentine on the title page of his first printed book, a handbook that appeared in 1606 on how to use a geometrical and military compass that he had invented.
Vincenzio Galileo had settled in Pisa when he married in 1562 but the family moved to Florence in 1574. In 1580 his son returned to Pisa to attend the University. At the time philosophy and science were still deeply influenced by the writings of the fourth-century bc Greek philosopher Aristotle, whose works were rediscovered in the Middle Ages. Aristotle maintained that things on Earth were made of four basic elements (earth, fire, air, and water) that were mixed in ever-changing proportions. He thought, however, that celestial bodies were made of an entirely different kind of material, which was unchangeable, or to use the old expression incorruptible. This physics was well adapted to the concept that the Earth is at rest, and it was seen as compatible with Christian theology. Young men studying for the priesthood were expected to grasp the main lines of Aristotelian cosmology. This did not hinder the development of observational astronomy or mathematics, to which the Jesuits, a religious teaching order founded in 1534, made significant contributions.
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