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Henry Osborn Taylor - The Mediaeval Mind (Volume 2 of 2)

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THE MEDIAEVAL MIND MACMILLAN AND CO Limited London Bombay Calcutta Melbourne - photo 1
THE MEDIAEVAL MIND
MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
London Bombay Calcutta
Melbourne
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
New York Boston Chicago
Atlanta San Francisco
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.
TORONTO
THE
MEDIAEVAL MIND
A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THOUGHT AND EMOTION
IN THE MIDDLE AGES
BY
HENRY OSBORN TAYLOR
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOL. II
MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED
ST. MARTINS STREET, LONDON
1911

CONTENTS

THE IDEAL AND THE ACTUAL: SOCIETY (continued)
PAGE
The Heart of Helose
German Considerations: Walther von der Vogelweide

SYMBOLISM
Scriptural Allegories in the Early Middle Ages; Honorius of Autun
The Rationale of the Visible World: Hugo of St. Victor
Cathedral and Mass; Hymn and Imaginative Poem
I.Guilelmus Durandus and Vincent of Beauvais.
II.The Hymns of Adam of St. Victor and the Anticlaudianus of Alanus of Lille.

LATINITY AND LAW
The Spell of the Classics
I.Classical Reading.
II.Grammar.
III.The Effect upon the Mediaeval Man; Hildebert of Lavardin.
Evolution of Mediaeval Latin Prose
Evolution of Mediaeval Latin Verse
I.Metrical Verse.
II.Substitution of Accent for Quantity.
III.Sequence-Hymn and Student-Song.
IV.Passage of Themes into the Vernacular.
Mediaeval Appropriation of the Roman Law
I.The Fontes Juris Civilis.
II.Roman and Barbarian Codification.
III.The Mediaeval Appropriation.
IV.Church Law.
V.Political Theorizing.

ULTIMATE INTELLECTUAL INTERESTS OF THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES
Scholasticism: Spirit, Scope, and Method
Classification of Topics; Stages of Evolution
I.Philosophic Classification of the Sciences; the Arrangement of Vincents
Encyclopaedia, of the Lombards Sentences, of Aquinass Summa theologiae.
II.The Stages of Development: Grammar, Logic, Metalogics.
Twelfth-Century Scholasticism
I.The Problem of Universals: Abaelard.
II.The Mystic Strain: Hugo and Bernard.
III.The Later Decades: Bernard Silvestris; Gilbert de la Porre; William of Conches;
John of Salisbury, and Alanus of Lille.
The Universities, Aristotle, and the Mendicants
Bonaventura
Albertus Magnus
Thomas Aquinas
I.Thomass Conception of Human Beatitude.
II.Mans Capacity to know God.
III.How God knows.
IV.How the Angels know.
V.How Men know.
VI.Knowledge through Faith perfected in Love.
Roger Bacon
Duns Scotus and Occam
The Mediaeval Synthesis: Dante
INDEX

BOOK IV
THE IDEAL AND THE ACTUAL: SOCIETY
(Continued)
CHAPTER XXV
THE HEART OF HELOSE
The romantic growth and imaginative shaping of chivalric love having been followed in the fortunes of its great exemplars, Tristan, Iseult, Lancelot, Guinevere, Parzival, a different illustration of mediaeval passion may be had by turning from these creations of literature to an actual woman, whose love for a living man was thought out as keenly and as tragically felt as any heart-break of imagined lovers, and was impressed with as entire a self-surrender as ever ravished the soul of nun panting with love of the God-man.
There has never been a passion between a man and woman more famous than that which brought happiness and sorrow to the lives of Abaelard and Helose. Here fame is just. It was a great love, and its course was a perfect souls tragedy. Abaelard was a celebrity, the intellectual glory of an active-minded epoch. His love-story has done as much for his posthumous fame as all his intellectual activities. Helose became known in her time through her relations with Abaelard; in his songs her name was wafted far. She has come down to us as one of the worlds love-heroines. Yet few of those who have been touched by her story have known that Helose was a great woman, possessed of an admirable mind, a character which proved its strength through years, and, above all, a capacity for lovingfor loving out to the full conclusions of loves convictions, and for feeling in their full range and power whatever moods and emotions could arise from an unhappy situation and a passion as deeply felt as it was deeply thought upon.
Abaelard was not a great characteraside from his intellect. He was vain and inconsiderate, a man who delighted in confounding and supplanting his teachers, and in being a thorn in the flesh of all opponents. But he became chastened through his misfortunes and through Heloses high and self-sacrificing love. In the end, perhaps, his love was worthy of the love of Helose. Yet her love from the beginning was nobler and deeper than his love of her. Love was for him an incident in his experience, then an element in his life. Love made the life of Helose; it remained her all. Moreover, in the records of their passion, Heloses love is unveiled as Abaelards is not. For all these reasons, the heart of Helose rather than the heart of Abaelard discloses the greatness of a love that wept itself out in the twelfth century, and it is her love rather than his that can teach us much regarding the mediaeval capacity for loving. Hers is a story of mediaeval womanhood, and sin, and repentance perhaps, with peace at last, or at least the lips shut close and further protest foregone.
Abaelards stormy intellectual career and the story of the love between him and the canons niece are well known. Let us follow him in those parts of his narrative which disclose the depth and power of Heloses love for him. We draw from his Historia calamitatum, written to a friend, apparently an open letter intended to circulate.
There was, writes he, referring to the time of his sojourn in Paris, when he was about thirty-six years old, and at the height of his fame as a lecturer in the schools
There was in Paris a young girl named Helose, the niece of a canon, Fulbert. It was his affectionate wish that she should have the best education in letters that could be procured. Her face was not unfair, and her knowledge was unequalled. This attainment, so rare in women, had given her great reputation.
I had hitherto lived continently, but now was casting my eyes about, and I saw that she possessed every attraction that lovers seek; nor did I regard my success as doubtful, when I considered my fame and my goodly person, and also her love of letters. Inflamed with love, I thought how I could best become intimate with her. It occurred to me to obtain lodgings with her uncle, on the plea that household cares distracted me from study. Friends quickly brought this about, the old man being miserly and yet desirous of instruction for his niece. He eagerly entrusted her to my tutorship, and begged me to give her all the time I could take from my lectures, authorizing me to see her at any hour of the day or night, and punish her when necessary. I marvelled with what simplicity he confided a tender lamb to a hungry wolf. As he had given me authority to punish her, I saw that if caresses would not win my object, I could bend her by threats and blows. Doubtless he was misled by love of his niece and my own good reputation. Well, what need to say more: we were united first by the one roof above us, and then by our hearts. Our hours of study were given to love. The books lay open, but our words were of love rather than philosophy, there were more kisses than aphorisms; and love was oftener reflected in our eyes than the lettered page. To avert suspicion, I struck her occasionallyvery gentle blows of love. The joy of love, new to us both, brought no satiety. The more I was taken up with this pleasure, the less time I gave to philosophy and the schoolshow tiresome had all that become! I became unproductive, merely repeating my old lectures, and if I composed any verses, love was their subject, and not the secrets of philosophy; you know how popular and widely sung these have become. But the students! what groans and laments arose from them at my distraction! A passion so plain was not to be concealed; every one knew of it except Fulbert. A man is often the last to know of his own shame. Yet what everybody knows cannot be hid forever, and so after some months he learned all. Oh how bitter was that uncles grief! and what was the grief of the separated lovers! How ashamed I was, and afflicted at the affliction of the girl! And what a storm of sorrow came over her at my disgrace. Neither complained for himself, but each grieved at what the other must endure.
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