INDIANS ON DISPLAY
In the beginning the declaration of an American identity meant the assumption of a mask Americans began their revolt from the English masked as Indians.
Ralph Ellison
If you belonged to me, I would not let them take you in a show like this.
Queen Victoria to Black Elk,
a member of Buffalo Bills Wild West show
INDIANS ON DISPLAY
Global Commodification of Native America in
Performance, Art, and Museums
Norman K. Denzin
First published 2013 by Left Coast Press, Inc.
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Indians on display : global commodification of native America in performance, art, and museums / Norman K. Denzin.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-61132-088-6 (hardback : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-61132-089-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-61132-090-9 (institutional ebook) ISBN 978-1-61132-709-0 (consumer ebook)
1. Indians of North America Public opinion. 2. Indians in popular culture. 3. Indians in art. 4. Museum exhibits United States. 5. Indians of North America Exhibitions. 6. Folklore Performance United States. 7. Public opinion United States.
E98.P99I55 2013
305.897 dc23
2013004764
This book is a product of my ethnographic imagination. Names, characters, places, events, and incidents are used fictitiously. Any resemblance to actual events or locales or persons, living or dead, is at least partially coincidental. The dialogue contained therein is intended as a stage play and should not be quoted or considered to be the actual words of the speakers unless a reference citation is given. All direct quotations are indicated in quote marks. The opinions of the speakers are the conjecture of the author.
Book design and production: Detta Penna
Copyediting: Stefania de Petris
Proofreading: Katherine Lee
Indexing: Jane Henderson
Cover design: Hannah Jennings
ISBN 978-1-61132-089-3 paperback
ISBN 978-1-61132-088-6 hardcover
CONTENTS
A section of color plates appears after .
For their contributions to this project I thank Mitch Allen, Katherine Ryan, Michael Giardina, Eric Aoki, Greg Dickinson, Brian Ott, Rainer Winter, Stephen Welsh (curator of Living Cultures collection, Manchester Museum), Stephen Coen (Councillor, City of Salford, England), Mary Robinson (Housel Director, McCracken Research Library, Buffalo Bill Historical Center), Sean Campbell (Image Rights and Reproductions, McCracken Research Library, Buffalo Bill Historical Center), L. G. Moses, Louis S. Warren, Jeffrey Ostler, and Sam A. Maddra. All that is good in this book is due to Mitch Allen.
I thank Detta Penna for her book design and production skills, Stefania De Petris for copyediting, Katherine Lee for proofreading, and S. Jane Henderson for the production of the index. I am most grateful to James Salvo and Nathalie Tiberghien for their patience and meticulous assistance with copyediting, proofing, and with the final production of the text. I also thank the students at the University of Illinois who patiently sat through formal and informal seminars, listening to earlier versions of my arguments about Native Americans, the postmodern west, performance ethnography, cultural studies, politics, and pedagogy. Finally, I gratefully acknowledge the moral, intellectual, and financial support given to this project by the late dean of the College of Media, Kim Rotzoll, as well as the past and current directors of the Institute of Communications Research: Clifford Christians, Paula Treichler, and Angharad N. Valdivia.
Cover:
Her Majesty Queen Victoria at Buffalo Bills Wild West London May 11th 1887. Courtesy of Buffalo Bill Historical Center, Wyoming; Mary Jester Allen Acquisition fund purchase, 1.69.6454.
Plates
The following characters appear in the plays in this book.
A-go-kwa: Two-spirited cross-dresser and son of Chippewa Chief Weshcubb.
Chief Ah-quee-we-zaints (the boy chief): Leader of nine Ojibwe who performed for George Catlin in England.
Alexie, Sherman: Contemporary American Indian writer from Spokane/Coeur dAlene, bestselling author of Flight (2007), The Toughest Indian in the World (2000), Reservation Blues (1995), War Dances (1995), and Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven (1993).
Almighty Voice: Character in Daniel David Mosess play Almighty Voice and His Wife (1991).
Barbour, James: U.S. Secretary of War (18251828).
Ms. Berdie Berdashe: A two-spirit person, an aboriginal dandy, a man who assumes a female gender identity. See also Miss(y) Chief.
Black Elk: Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux.
Buffalo Bill, aka William F. Cody (18461917): Performer extraordinaire.
Buntline, Ned: Famous nineteenth-century dime novelist.
Burke, John: William Codys promotion manager.
Cass, Louis: Territorial governor of the northwestern frontier region, including Detroit (18131831).
Catlin, Burr: Nephew of George Catlin.
Catlin, Clara Gregory: George Catlins wife.
Catlin, George (17961872): Painter, showman, and pseudo-ethnographer.
Collins, Mary Clementine (18461920): Congregational missionary at the Standing Rock Reservation, opponent of Indians working in Wild West shows.
Cook-Lynn, Elizabeth: Contemporary Crow Creek Sioux member, author of Anti-Indianism in Modern America (2007).
Coyote: Navajo trickster.
Denzin, Ken: German cabinet-maker, the authors father.
Denzin, Norman K.: Author of this book, professor at the University of Illinois.
Doraway, Jeffrey: Mulatto translator for the party of fourteen Iowas exhibited by George Catlin in London, 18441845.