Arthur Wayne Hafner - Descriptive statistical techniques for librarians, Volume 139
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Descriptive statistical techniques for librarians, Volume 139
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While extensive effort has gone into ensuring the reliability of information appearing in this book, the publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, on the accuracy or reliability of the information, and does not assume and hereby disclaims any liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in this publication.
Project editor: Louise D. Howe
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Printed on 50-pound Opaque Smooth Offset, a pH-neutral stock, and bound in 10-point coated cover stock by Data Reproductions Corp.
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hafner, Arthur Wayne, 1943 Descriptive statistical techniques for librarians / Arthur W. Hafner. 2nd ed., rev. and enl. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-8389-0692-3 (acid-free paper) 1. Library statistics. I. Title. Z669.8.H33 1998 025'.007'23dc21 97-19098
Copyright 1998 by the American Library Association. All rights reserved except those which may be granted by Sections 107 and 108 of the Copyright Revision Act of 1976.
Printed in the United States of America.
02 01 00 99 98 5 4 3 2 1
Page iii
Contents
Preface
v
Acknowledgments
vii
1 Introduction to Statistics
1
2 Basic Methods for Data Analysis
20
3 Data Comparisons in the Library Environment
45
4 Presenting Numerical Data in Tables and Charts
76
5 Measures of Central Tendency
127
6 Measures of Variability
169
7 Linear Regression and Correlation Analysis
201
8 Sampling Strategies and Tallying a Survey
229
Answers to Chapter Discussion Questions and Problems
263
Bibliography
311
Index
313
About the Author
323
Page v
Preface
This second edition of Descriptive Statistical Techniques for Librarians is a substantial revision and enlargement of the first edition. In total, it contains nearly twice as many examples, figures, practical problems, self-assessment review quizzes, and tables as in the original edition. All examples and most problems are solved in detail to allow librarians to follow the calculations one step at a time. Several new topics have been added as well, including an examination of economic and financial principles related to library applications, a discussion of benchmarking, and a consideration of continuous improvement and measurement in the library environment. There also is a new chapter that addresses survey sampling and the tallying of a survey instrument.
This book is intended to serve as both a textbook and a reference manual for practicing librarians. Its emphasis is on descriptive statisticsthe basis of statistical analysis for data summary. Through application of practical statistical techniques, librarians can efficiently measure and evaluate programs and activities in the context of objectives. In brief, the objective of this text is to demonstrate some of the many uses for descriptive statistical techniques in the library environment.
To make the book accessible for those who find algebra somewhat overwhelming, concepts are explained with words in a precise and straightforward manner. Readers are not defeated by a flood of formulas, statistical notation, and jargon. The intent of the book, after all, is not to train librarians to become statisticians but, rather, to present, illustrate, and reinforce statistical principles in library scenarios. The formulas involved in these applications are introduced with extensive discussion and many illustrative examples. Although a few of the examples and problems require extensive number-crunching sessions, they effectively demonstrate the processes involved in arriving at a valid statistical measure.
It is true that the widespread use of personal computers and sophisticated calculators has changed the face of statistics. For this reason, many coding methods for handling data are no longer used, and thus are not included in this book. Grouped frequency distributions, however, are presented and illustrated because they continue to appear in the literature despite the availability of technology that makes short work of analyses of individual observations.
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