The Australian Autism Handbook aims to provide readers with information, but is not intended to be, and is not, a substitute for health and medical advice from a qualified health professional. Jane Curry Publishing does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, currency, suitability or reliability of any information contained within the book. Diagnosis and treatment of a medical condition should only be undertaken by a qualified health professional and readers should always seek the advice of a qualified health professional before treatment of any condition. In reading this book you accept all risk and responsibility for losses, damages, costs or any other consequences resulting directly or indirectly from relying on information or material contained within it. To the maximum permitted by law, Jane Curry Publishing excludes all liability to any person arising directly or indirectly from using this book and any information or material in it.
ABBREVIATIONS
ABA: Applied Behavioural Analysis
ABAS: Adaptive Behaviour Assessment System
ADEC: Autism Detection in Early Childhood
ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic InterviewRevised
ADOS: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule
ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder
CARS: Childhood Autism Rating Scale
CHAT: Checklist for Autism in Toddlers
DISCO: Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders
DSM-IV-TR: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition, Text Revision
DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition
DTT: Discrete Trial Training
EIBI: Early Intensive Behavioural Intervention
ESDM: Early Start Denver Model
GFCF diet: gluten-free, casein-free diet
HCWA: Helping Children With Autism
HFA: high-functioning autism
IEP: individual education plan
IQ: intelligence quotient
M-CHAT: Modified Checklist for Autism in Children
NDIS: National Disability Insurance Scheme
OCD: obsessive compulsive disorder
OT: occupational therapy
PDD: Pervasive Developmental Disorder.
PDD-NOS: Pervasive Developmental DisorderNot Otherwise Specified
PECS: Picture Exchange Communication System
RCT: Randomised, controlled trial
RDI: Relationship Development Intervention
SCERTS: Social Communication Emotional Regulation Transactional Supports Model
TEACCH: Treatment and Education of Autistic and related Communication-handicapped Children
WISC: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
WPPSI: Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
I wish someone had told me that everything will be all right. You will pass through stages deny it, fight it, grieve about it, then you will find peace and joy in your little person.
KELLY HARGREAVES MUM OF DANIEL
INTRODUCTION
Everyone has worries with their children, dear.
But yours have come early.
So wrote Seana Smith at the start of the first edition of the Australian Autism Handbook, published in 2008. That much has not changed.
Much else has, howeverfor a start, Seana has moved on. When she told me that she wasnt signing up for the new edition Ill admit I was disappointedwed forged a great friendship writing the first book. After a while, however, I realised this was the natural order of things. Seanas son, Tom, is only one of her four children and these days she identifies as much as a twin mum as an autism mum. Tom, now 16, has autism spectrum disorder (ASD) but he also has dreams of being a heavy metal drummer, and neither his nor his mothers life is defined by autism. It may seem unimaginable to many of you right now, but we hope you reach the same place as Tom and Seana one day.
Deciding I didnt want to rewrite the book alone, I looked for another co-author and discovered Kathryn Wicks, a senior newspaper journalist. Kathryn, whose son was one of the first beneficiaries of Helping Children with Autism (HCWA) funding, has interviewed parents across Australia, from Townsville to Perth to rural Tasmania, as well as revising the resources and schools sections. Im so grateful to have found Kathryn and particularly excited about her new chapter, which gives a voice to the dads and siblings. These are the people who often feel sidelined as their partners and mothers set about helping the child with autism with single-minded ferocity.
What else has changed, and substantially since 2008, is funding. In its first four years, the Helping Children with Autism (HCWA) package has helped 19,000 children gain access to early intervention. At the time of writing the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is about to commence in trial format for three years. There remains hope that the full cost of early intervention might one day be covered.
Another significant change is the revision of the manual by which most children are diagnosed. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th Edition, or DSM-5, to be released in May 2013, contains significant changes to the diagnosis of ASD and eliminates subcategories such as PDD-NOS and Aspergers syndrome. It is expected some children who previously would have been given a high-functioning diagnosis may now receive a diagnosis of social communication disorder. Only time will tell if this is a help or hindrance.
Throughout this book we explain all of these changes. You will also read stories that will make you smile, and stories that will make you cry. We all remember the day we first learnt our child had autism. At the time, we watched our dreams and hopes for his or her lifeand our own livesvanish. You may feel isolated, heartbroken and confused, but our community is a large and welcoming one. You are not alone.
Why this book?
This book aims to be helpful and hopeful. It is written primarily for families whose children are suspected of having an ASD, or who have recently been diagnosed. It is meant first and foremost to be practical. We hope that there is also valuable information for professionals.
In this new edition weve added a special chapter for veteran families too. There are many voices, most of whom have trodden this path before. If you are struggling with a recent diagnosis we hope their stories will lead you to believe that the future may hold more hope and happiness than you dare to contemplate right now.