INTRODUCTION
If you want to discover all kinds of mindbending mathematics tricks, games, challenges, and mysteries, this is the book for you. You wont believe the amazing things that mathematics can do!
What is mathematics?
You know what mathematics is when you do it at schoolbut what does it really mean?
Mathematics is the science of numbers, measuring, and calculating. Its not just a school subjectits used in all kinds of science, and its pretty important in everyday life, too. Here are some daily tasks for which mathematics is important:
Our money systems, which allow people to buy things, save, or get paid
Measuring things, so that we can build houses that arent wobbly, or mix the correct ingredients to make a cake
Marking dates and times, so that we know when were doing stuff
Figuring out angles and directions, so that we can do things like making sure a spacecraft gets to the moon
Adding labels to things, so we can find the right address, bus, or shoe size.
Mathematics makes sense to everyone around the world, because numbers work in the same basic way everywhere.
But the more you look into the world of numbers, the more mysterious and magical things you find. How can you cut a strip of paper in two so that theres still only one piece? How do you make a square appear from nowhere? Whats the secret to drawing a perfect star every time? How can you make an impossible piece of paper, create an (almost!) uncrackable code, or fool your friends into thinking that you can read their minds?
... and just what DID Archimedes discover in the bath?
This book is stuffed with cool tricks and mathematical magic, designed to blow your mind. Try to solve the puzzles yourself firstthen use them to baffle your friends and family!
Chapter 1: Shapes
THE MYSTERIOUS MISSING SQUARE
For our first trick, well make a square appear and disappearfrom nowhere!
Once youve figured out how it works, try it on your unsuspecting friends and family.
The trick
First, look at this triangle jigsaw, made up of four smaller shapes. Its on a squared background, so you can see exactly how many squares long and high each piece is.
Perfectly normal trianglenothing to see here!
Got it? Now look at the triangle below. Its made of the EXACT SAME SHAPES, rearranged. The height and length of the triangle are the same. All the pieces are the same, too. And yet this triangle has a square thats not filled in! How did that happen?
Hang on theres a spare square!
Whats going on?
So how does it work? Well, actually, we lied. These are NOT normal trianglesin fact, they are not triangles at all. If you hold a ruler next to the long, sloping edge of each triangle, youll find its not a straight line. In triangle A, it dips down slightly where piece 1 meets piece 2.
But when the pieces are rearranged to make triangle B, the line sticks up slightly.
The difference is very slight, so both triangles look normal at first glance. However, because of the difference between them, triangle B is one square bigger that triangle A.
The area between the lines adds up to 1 extra square!
Did you know?
To fool your friends, you can actually draw the shapes on graph paper, and cut them out, then arrange them on another piece of graph paper.
When you rearrange them, the extra square appears!
HOW MANY SQUARES?
This trick is pretty simple. All you have to do is count the squares! How hard can it be?
The trick
Look at this picture, and count how many squares you can see. Take as long as you like. You could ask a friend or family member to try it, too. Write down your answers, then compare them.
How did you do? Did you get 40 squares? If not, dont worrymost people dont. But if you did spot 40 squares, well doneyou are a mathematical genius!)
Whats going on?
Puzzles like this can easily fool you, because you might not notice that the lines in the picture make up bigger, hidden squares as well as smaller ones.
HOW MANY TRIANGLES?
Now you know what to do, trying this triangle teaser should be a breeze.
The trick
Heres your picture. How many triangles can you count? It looks simple, but take careits tougher than it looks!
If youre stuck, try starting with the smallest size of triangle. Count them, then look for the next size up, and the next size up, and so on. With this method, if you do it carefully, you should find 24 triangles in total!
Whats going on?
Some people find this puzzle even harder than the squares one! Its not only hard to spot all the triangles, its also tricky to keep track of which ones youve already counted.
If you want to be really sure (and have all day!), try drawing the shape out lots of times, and shading in each triangle separately.
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