Ernest C. Ackermann - C Programming Language Essentials
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REAs Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. C Programming Language discusses fundamental notions, data types and objects, expressions, statements, declarations, function and program structure, the preprocessor, and the standard library.
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C was originally designed in the 1970s for the UNIX operating system by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories. In 1978 The C Programming Language , which Ritchie co-authored with Brian Kernighan, was published. That book contained a definition of C which has been used as a basis for many of the current versions of C. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee to define a standard for C. The ANSI standard for C was finally approved in the early 1990s. There are many versions of C and all major versions adhere to the specifications in the Kernighan & Ritchie (K&R) book or they conform to the standard.
The ANSI standard formalizes many of the topics or notions introduced in K&R. It includes a standard library and requires the declaration of functions so that the compiler may check the number, type, and order of arguments to functions. We will use the notation of the ANSI standard throughout this Essentials text so that a function will be declared specifying the types of its parameters. Another name for this type of declaration is a prototype . The examples in this book can be used with versions of C which dont allow prototypes by changing each declaration of the form
to
In the chapter that deals with functions we will explicitly show the differences between K&R versions and the ANSI standard.
A program written in C is a collection of functions and variables. The functions contain statements and the variables hold the results of computations. Every C program must contain one function named main . All variables must be declared, either within a function or outside of any function.
The sample program below contains two functions, main and average. main begins on line 6 and ends on line 21. It is declared as main(void) which indicates it has no formal parameters. All the local variables and statements of main() are between the { on line 7 and the matching } on line 22. The specification of the function average begins on line 26 and ends on line 34. average has two parameters, a and n. a represents an array of objects of type float and n represents an object of type integer. average also has some local variables and statements associated with it. These are on lines 28 through 30.
A program in C usually contains comments and directives to a preprocessor. Lines 1 3 and 23 25 are comments. A preprocessor performs macro substitution, conditional compilation, and file inclusion. The lines beginning with # are preprocessor directives. In this program we request that the file stdio.h be included with the program before it is translated and define the symbol MAX to be 100.
A source program in C is translated into executable code. In the early stages of that translation the compiler will group the characters of the program into lexical units called tokens . The five types of tokens are identifiers, keywords, operators, separators, and constants. Consider the statement:
The tokens in that statement are the identifiers box_top and y , the operators = and +, the separators [,], and ;, and the constants and 1.423 . The other characters in that statement are either comments or whitespace.
The two characters /* start a comment and the two characters */ end a comment. Comments may occur anywhere except that /* and */ are not interpreted as comment delimiters when they occur within string literals. For example,
Comments may not be nested so that the following consists of one comment followed by the characters outer */ .
Spaces, horizontal and vertical tabs, newlines, formfeeds, and comments are known as whitespace. Whitespace is ignored by the translator except as it is necessary to separate some identifiers, keywords, or operators. For example, whitespace is necessary to separate the keywords and identifier name on the following line:
However, any whitespace between count and ; (the semicolon) is ignored. Also, the following two lines have the same meaning:
So whitespace is ignored unless it is necessary to specify the meaning of a string of characters. Naturally, its a good practice to use it to improve the readability of a program.
Identifiers are used to name variables, functions, types, and labels. An identifier is a sequence of letters (upper or lower case), the underscore character _ and/or digits. The first character in the sequence must be a letter. The translator differentiates upper from lower case letters. The first 31 characters of local identifiers, those used within a single function, are significant. Only the first six characters may be significant for identifiers that are shared through the use of external linkage. This is implementation dependent. The following are all valid and different identifiers: Abc23, abc23, ab_c23, aBc23, and ABC23 . Variables and functions are generally written with only lowercase letters. Constants and macro names are generally written using uppercase letters as in the following program fragment which initializes the elements of the array clown_aray to the value stored in bobo :
Some names are reserved for use as keywords and may not be used for any other purpose. The keywords are:
| auto | double | int | struct |
| break | else | long | switch |
| case | enum | register | typedef |
| char | extern | return | union |
| const | float | short | unsigned |
| continue |
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