Linda Thomas - German Essentials
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- Book:German Essentials
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- Year:2013
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REAs Essentials provide quick and easy access to critical information in a variety of different fields, ranging from the most basic to the most advanced. As its name implies, these concise, comprehensive study guides summarize the essentials of the field covered. Essentials are helpful when preparing for exams, doing homework and will remain a lasting reference source for students, teachers, and professionals. German reviews the fundamentals of the German language, including basic pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. Other topics include cognates, numbers, idiomatic expressions, time, weather, and clothing.
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There is only one letter in the German alphabet that does not exist in the English alphabet: B. This letter was originally an s and a z and is named after those two letters, ess-tset.
a ah
b beh
c tseh
d deh
e eh
f eff
g geh
h hah
i ih
j jot
k kah
I ell
m emm
n enn
o oh
p peh
q kuh
r err
s ess
ess-tset
t teh
u uh
v fau
w weh
x iks
y ppsilon
z tsett
Vowels are long when followed by an h or by only one consonant. They are short when followed by two or more consonants.
| a | long (as in father) | Vater |
| short (as in part) | kalt | |
| e | long (as in obey) | geht |
| short (as in met) | Bett | |
| i | long (as in machine) | ihm |
| short (as in hit) | ist | |
| o | long (as in go) | Hof |
| short (as in bought) | Gott | |
| u | long (as in pool) | Schule |
| short (as in bull) | Mutter |
An umlaut () modifies the sound of a vowel. In some cases there is no corresponding English sound.
| long (as in air) | Kse |
| short (as in yet) | Mnner |
| long (similar to worm) | schn |
| short | ffnen |
| long | Tr |
| short | mssen |
Diphthongs are always long.
| ai, ei (as in mine) | Hain, dein |
| au (as in house) | Maus |
| eu, u (as in boy) | Leute, Bume |
| ie (as in see) | die |
| b | initial (as in English) | baden |
| final (like p ) | Dieb | |
| c | before a, o, u, (like k ) | Caf |
| ch | after a, o, u, (no English equivalent) | Buch |
| after i, e, an umlaut and consonants (like English h in hew) | mchte | |
| chs | (like ks ) | sechs |
| ck | (like k ) | Ecke |
| d | initial (as in English) | du |
| final (like t ) | Bad | |
| (as in English) | fahren | |
| g | initial (like English go ) | gut |
| final (like k ) | Tag | |
| h | initial (like English he ) | haben |
| after long vowel (silent) | sehen | |
| j | (like y ) | ja |
| k | (as in English) | kann |
| kn | (both are pronounced) | Knie |
| l | (like English lit ) | lieben |
| m, n, p | (as in English) | Mann, nein, Platz |
| ng | (like English sing ) | Finger |
| pf | (both are pronounced) | Pfanne |
| ph | (like f ) | Philosophie |
| qu | (like kv ) | Quelle |
| r | (uvular) | rot |
| s | initial and between vowels (like English rose ) | lesen |
| final, before consonants and when doubled (like English son ) | essen | |
| (like English less ) | hei | |
| sch | (like English shoe ) | Schuh |
| sp | (like shp ) | springen |
| st | (like sht ) | stehen |
| t | (as in English) | tun |
| th | (like t ) | Theater |
| ti | (before a vowel, tsi ) | Nation |
| tz | (like ts ) | Katze |
| v | (like f ) | Vater |
| w | (like v ) | Wasser |
| x | (as in English) | Hexe |
| z | (like ts ) | zehn |
German has four cases. Without an understanding of the function of each case, it is impossible to proceed with German grammar.
The nominative case is the subject case. The subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb. It tells us who or what performs the action.
Der Hund hat den Mann gebissen. The dog bit the man.
The verbs heien, sein, and werden can never have an object. They are always followed by the nominative case. One should think of these verbs as an equal sign. The nouns on both sides of the equation are nominative.
NOM. NOM.
Er heit Herr Schmidt. His name is/He is called Mr. Schmidt.
Er ist unser Lehrer. He is our teacher.
Sie wird die beste Schlerin der Klasse. She is becoming the best pupil in the class.
The accusative case is the direct object case. The direct object receives the action performed by the subject and expressed by the verb. It answers the question who? or what? after the verb.
Der Hund hat den Mann gebissen. The dog bit the man.
In English, grammatical function often is shown by word order. The meaning of the English sentence can be changed drastically by changing the word order.
The man bit the dog.
In German, the article indicates the case and a change in word order cannot change the basic meaning.
Den Mann hat der Hund gebissen. The dog bit the man.
Den shows that Mann is the direct object (accusative), and der shows us that Hund is the subject (nominative). Putting the direct object first does change the emphasis.
The accusative case also functions as the object of the prepositions durch, fr, gegen, ohne, and um. This will be discussed further in chapter 10.
The dative case is the indirect object case. It answers the question to whom? after the verb. Unlike English, which signals the indirect object by a preposition or by word order, German changes the form of the article, pronoun, or noun.
Der Mann hat dem Hund einen Knochen gegeben. The man gave a bone to the dog. /The man gave the dog a bone.
Der Hund hat dem Mann einen Ball gegeben. The dog gave a ball to the man.
The dative case also functions as the object of the prepositions aus, auer, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, and zu (discussed in chapter 10). In addition, the dative case is used with certain verbs. Some of the most common are antworten, danken, gefallen, gehren, helfen, and zuhren.
Er antwortet mir. He is answering me.
Wir danken dir. We thank you.
Diese Musik gefallt mir. I like this music. [Literally: This music is pleasing to me.]
Die Bcher gehren ihm. The books belong to him.
Kannst du ihr helfen? Can you help her?
Du hrst mir nie zu. You never listen to me.
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