Michael Burgan - Breaker Boys: How a Photograph Helped End Child Labor
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- Book:Breaker Boys: How a Photograph Helped End Child Labor
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Breaker Boys: How a Photograph Helped End Child Labor: summary, description and annotation
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Little boys, some as young as 6, spent their long days, not playing or studying, but sorting coal in dusty, loud, and dangerous conditions. Many of these breaker boys worked 10 hours a day, six days a week all for as little as 45 cents a day. Child labor was common in the United States in the 19th century. It took the compelling, heart breaking photographs of Lewis Hine and others to bring the harsh working conditions to light. Hine and his fellow Progressives wanted to end child labor. He knew photography would reveal the truth and teach and change the world. With his camera Hine showed people what life was like for immigrants, the poor, and the children working in mines, factories, and mills. In the words of an historian, the more than 7,000 photos Hine took of American children at work aroused public sentiment against child labor in a way that no printed page or public lecture could.
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1800s Boys as young as 6 work in the breakers at the anthracite coal mines of northeastern Pennsylvania | |
1869 Fire at a mine in Avondale, Pennsylvania, kills more than 100 people, including boys |  |
1902 The Great Strike of 1902 shows Americans that many young boys are working in coal mines and breakers |  |
1905 A report by Owen Lovejoy of the National Child Labor Committee describes the conditions faced by boys working in mines and breakers |  |
1908 Lewis Hine begins to work full time for the NCLC, photographing child laborers around the country |  |
1911 In January Hine takes photos of breaker boys who work sorting coal in the area of South Pittston, Pennsylvania | |
1912 The federal government creates the Childrens Bureau to investigate child labor, among other things | |
1913 The Childrens Bureau becomes part of the new U.S. Department of Labor |  |
1916 Congress passes the Keating-Owen Act, the first national law restricting the use of child labor |  |
1918 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Keating-Owen Act is unconstitutional; Congress passes a new child labor law, but it also is overturned by the court | |
1922 A study by the Childrens Bureau shows that underage boys are still working in the anthracite mines | |
1938 Congress passes the Fair Labor Standards Act, which includes new regulations on child labor |  |
1941 The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Fair Labor Standards Act is constitutional; for the first time the U.S. has a lasting law that limits child labor |
- Bartoletti, Susan Campbell. Growing Up in Coal Country. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1996.
- Morris, Neil. The Industrial Revolution. Chicago: Heinemann Library, 2010.
- Pascal, Janet B. Jacob Riis: Reporter and Reformer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
- Robinson, J. Dennis. Striking Back: The Fight to End Child Labor Exploitation. Mankato, Minn.: Compass Point Books, 2010.
- Staton, Hilarie. The Progressive Party: The Success of a Failed Party. Minneapolis: Compass Point Books, 2007.
- Worth, Richard. Lewis Hine: Photographer of Americans at Work. Armonk, N.Y.: Sharpe Focus, 2008.
- : Donald L. Miller and Richard E. Sharpless. The Kingdom of Coal: Work, Enterprise, and Ethnic Communities in the Mine Fields. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985, p. 186.
- : Walter Trattner. Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970, p. 26.
- : In the Depths of a Coal Mine.
- : Owen R. Lovejoy. Child Labor in the Coal Mines. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1906. 28 April 2011. http://books.google.com/books?id=_1I5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA293&lpg=PA293&dq=owen+lovejoy+coal+mines&source=bl&ots=Kde_5H3jO5&sig=GBkwv5_xVEwldhI33oM0VIVnYl0&hl=en&ei=QXebTN-IIoK88gb6hKCbAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=owen%20lovejoy%20coal%20mines&f=false
- : Ibid.
- : Judith Mara Gutman. Lewis W. Hine and the American Social Conscience. New York: Walker and Company, 1967, p. 19.
- : Hugh D. Hindman. Child Labor: An American History. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2002, p. 91.
- : Child Labor: An American History, p. 91.
- : Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America, p. 72.
- : Child Labor: An American History, p. 95.
- : Daile Kaplan, ed. Photo Story: Selected Letters and Photographs of Lewis W. Hine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992, p. 7.
- : Child Labor: An American History, p. 99.
- : Child Labor: An American History, p. 99.
- : Ibid., p. 101.
- : Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America, p. 106.
- : Child Labor: An American History, p. 90.
- : Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America, p. 131.
- : Child Labor and the Welfare of Children in an Anthracite Coal-mining District. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau Publication No. 106. Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1922, p. 16.
- : Social Photography; How the Camera May Help in the Social Uplift.
- Curtis, Verna Posever, and Stanley Mallach. Photography and Reform: Lewis Hine & the National Child Labor Committee. Milwaukee: Milwaukee Art Museum, 1984.
- Dimock, George. Children of the Mills: Re-reading Lewis Hines Child-Labour Photographs.Oxford Art Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1993), pp. 37-54.
- Dimock, George, et al. Priceless Children: American Photographs 18901925. Greensboro: University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2001.
- Goldberg, Vicki. Lewis W. Hine Children at Work. Munich: Prestel, 1999.
- Gutman, Judith Mara. Lewis W. Hine and the American Social Conscience. New York: Walker, 1967.
- Hindman, Hugh D. Child Labor: An American History. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2002.
- Kaplan, Daile, ed. Photo Story: Selected Letters and Photographs of Lewis W. Hine. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992.
- Miller, Donald L., and Richard E. Sharpless. The Kingdom of Coal: Work, Enterprise, and Ethnic Communities in the Mine Fields. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.
- Novkov, Julie. Historicizing the Figure of the Child in Legal Discourse: The Battle over the Regulation of Child Labor. The American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 44, No. 4 (October 2000), pp. 369-404.
- Rosenblum, Walter, Naomi Rosenblum, and Alan Trachtenberg. America & Lewis Hine, 19041940
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