David H. Alpers - Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics

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MANUAL OF NUTRITIONAL THERAPEUTICS

Sixth Edition

Editors

David H. Alpers, MD

William B. Kountz Professor of Geriatrics in Medicine

Assistant Director, Center for Human Nutrition

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Beth E. Taylor, DCN, RDN, LD, CNSC, FCCM

Nutrition Support Specialist, Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Barnes-Jewish Hospital

St. Louis, Missouri

Dennis M. Bier, MD

Professor of Pediatrics

Baylor College of Medicine

Director USDA/ARS Childrens Nutrition Research Center

Houston, Texas

Samuel Klein, MD

William H. Danforth Professor of Medicine and Nutritional Science

Director, Center for Human Nutrition and Atkins Center of Excellence in Obesity Medicine

Washington University School of Medicine

St. Louis, Missouri

Executive Editor: Rebecca Gaertner

Senior Product Development Editor: Kristina Oberle

Senior Production Project Manager: Alicia Jackson

Design Coordinator: Teresa Mallon

Marketing Manager: Stephanie Kindlick

Senior Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh

Prepress Vendor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services

Sixth Edition

Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer

2008, 2002, 1995, 1988 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1983 by Little Brown and Company

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at (products and services).

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Alpers, David H., author.

Manual of nutritional therapeutics / David H. Alpers, Beth E. Taylor, Dennis M. Bier, Samuel Klein. Sixth edition.

p. ; cm.

Preceded by: Manual of nutritional therapeutics / David H. Alpers [et al.]. 5th ed. c2008.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4511-9187-5 (alk. paper) ISBN 1-4511-9187-1 (alk. paper)

eISBN 978-1-4963-1000-2

I. Taylor, Beth E., author. II. Bier, Dennis M., author. III. Klein, Samuel, 1953-, author. IV. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Nutrition Therapy. WB 400]

RM217.2

615.854dc23

2014036982

This work is provided as is, and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data, and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance, and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work, including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturers package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings, and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.

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To our fathers, who taught us both respect for knowledge and concern for the individual.

MANUAL OF NUTRITIONAL THERAPEUTICS, SIXTH EDITION

The information on nutritional topics that is useful for health-care workers continues to increase at a steady pace. This manual was conceived as a source of information for physicians, nurses, dietitians, and other health professionals in various disciplines, and for students at all levels. The continued use of this manual has supported the need for such an information source, filtered by the authors to focus on the information we find useful for the practice of medicine and surgery. We assume that the health-care worker has knowledge of the underlying diseases that might benefit from nutritional intervention. Thus, this edition of the Manual of Nutritional Therapeutics, which was developed in collaboration with the Center for Human Nutrition at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, similar to its predecessors, is not intended to be a textbook of nutrition. It should be used to obtain the information that is needed in managing the nutritional needs of adults, adolescents, and older children. We have tried to be practical and to provide explanations for the recommendations provided. In many cases, new systematic reviews of an increasing number of randomized, controlled clinical trials have provided a much more solid evidence base for these recommendations.

The chapters on individual nutrient components (57) and (Obesity) is completely rewritten. Dr. William F. Stenson, a valued contributor to the first five editions, has not been able to continue in this role, because of other commitments. We are very grateful to him for his many contributions over the years. We have added a new author, Samuel Klein, an internationally renowned expert in obesity and metabolic diseases, and the director of the National Institutes of Health Nutrition & Obesity Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis.

The information is as current as possible given the lag time involved in publishing a book. But nutrient preparations can change rapidly, or are replaced by other products; so the reader should always check the local availability of any given preparation. URLs for many websites containing nutritional information are included, not only for convenience and to update information not included in the manual but also to provide sources of information that the authors use and trust.

The authors are gratified by the reception the book has enjoyed, and hope that its readers, old and new, will derive as much benefit from it as we, the authors, have received in revising it. We are grateful to our colleagues at Wolters Kluwer (especially Kristina Oberle) for editorial support and advice. Especially, we thank our spouses and families for their support in allowing us the time needed to create the sixth edition of this book.