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Nihad A. Hassan - Open Source Intelligence Methods and Tools: A Practical Guide to Online Intelligence

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Book:
Open Source Intelligence Methods and Tools: A Practical Guide to Online Intelligence
Author:
Nihad A Hassan / Rami Hijazi
Publisher:
Apress
Genre:
Books / Computer
Year:
2018
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Apply Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) techniques, methods, and tools to acquire information from publicly available online sources to support your intelligence analysis. Use the harvested data in different scenarios such as financial, crime, and terrorism investigations as well as performing business competition analysis and acquiring intelligence about individuals and other entities. This book will also improve your skills to acquire information online from both the regular Internet as well as the hidden web through its two sub-layers: the deep web and the dark web.

The author includes many OSINT resources that can be used by intelligence agencies as well as by enterprises to monitor trends on a global level, identify risks, and gather competitor intelligence so more effective decisions can be made. You will discover techniques, methods, and tools that are equally used by hackers and penetration testers to gather intelligence about a specific target online. And you will be aware of how OSINT resources can be used in conducting social engineering attacks.

Open Source Intelligence Methods and Tools takes a practical approach and lists hundreds of OSINT resources that can be used to gather intelligence from online public sources. The book also covers how to anonymize your digital identity online so you can conduct your searching activities without revealing your identity.

What Youll Learn

Identify intelligence needs and leverage a broad range of tools and sources to improve data collection, analysis, and decision making in your organization
Use OSINT resources to protect individuals and enterprises by discovering data that is online, exposed, and sensitive and hide the data before it is revealed by outside attackers
Gather corporate intelligence about business competitors and predict future market directions
Conduct advanced searches to gather intelligence from social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter
Understand the different layers that make up the Internet and how to search within the invisible web which contains both the deep and the dark webs

Who This Book Is For

Penetration testers, digital forensics investigators, intelligence services, military, law enforcement, UN agencies, and for-profit/non-profit enterprises

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Nihad A. Hassan, Rami Hijazi 2018

Nihad A. Hassan and Rami Hijazi Open Source Intelligence Methods and Tools

1. The Evolution of Open Source Intelligence

Nihad A. Hassan 1 and Rami Hijazi 2

(1)

New York, USA

(2)

Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Since the end of the Cold War, global societies have become more open, and the revolution of the Internet and its widespread use have turned the world into a small village. Unleashing the Internet network to billions of people worldwide to communicate and exchange digital data has shifted the entire world into what is now an information age. This transformation to the digital age brought huge benefits to our society; however, the speed and scope of the transformation have also triggered different kinds of risks. For instance, cybercriminals, terrorist groups, oppressive regimes, and all kinds of malicious actors are using the Internet effectively to conduct their crimes. Juniper Research predicts that cybercrime will cost businesses more than $2 trillion by 2019, so these risks encourage governments to invest in the development of open source intelligence (OSINT) tools and techniques to counter current and future cybersecurity challenges.

OSINT refers to all the information that is publicly available. There is no specific date on when the term OSINT was first proposed; however, a relative term has probably been used for hundreds of years to describe the act of gathering intelligence through exploiting publicly available resources.

The United States is still leading the world in the intelligence arena, with vast resources dedicated by the U.S. government to its intelligence agencies that enable it to build sophisticated surveillance programs to harvest and analyze a large volume of data covering all the major spoken languages. This makes our discussion of OSINT history largely dependent on U.S. history, although during the Cold War many countries also developed OSINT capabilities to gain intelligence. Still, no other country has reached the level of the U.S. programs.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) defines OSINT as follows:

Open-source intelligence (OSINT) is an intelligence that is produced from publicly available information and is collected, exploited, and disseminated in a timely manner to an appropriate audience for the purpose of addressing a specific intelligence requirement.

In modern times, OSINT was introduced during World War II as an intelligence tool when the United States established the Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) to monitor publicly available information that related to supporting its troop operations at that time. This all happened before the U.S. intelligence community even existed.

After the end of World War II, the FBIS has continued its work in exploiting OSINT sources globally, until the September 11, 2001, terror attacks on the United States. This drew attention to the importance of creating an independent OSINT agency to intensify exploiting these resources to protect national security. This is what was suggested by the 9/11 Commission, which called for the creation of a specialized agency for gathering OSINT.

Following these recommendations and other debates, the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) announced the creation of the National Intelligence Open Source Center (OSC). The main tasks of the OSC are to collect information available from both online and offline public sources, which was previously done by the FBIS. Later, the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which was proposed to reform the intelligence activities of the U.S. government, merged the FBIS and other related research entities into one body. This organization is now called the Open Source Enterprise and is managed by the CIA.

OSINT sources are distinguished from other forms of intelligence because they must be legally accessible by the public without breaching any copyright or privacy laws. Thats why they are considered publicly available. This distinction makes the ability to gather OSINT sources applicable to more than just security services. For example, businesses can benefit from exploiting these resources to gain intelligence about their competitors.

Note!

During the search for OSINT sources, classified information that is not protected properly can appear. This includes leaked documents, such as those published by WikiLeaks. This type of information is called NOSINT, as opposed to OSINT. Intelligence usually considers all sources regardless of their legal accessibility.

In addition to its significant importance to the intelligence community, OSINT gathering is less expensive and less risky than traditional spying activites. Unlike other intelligence sources that may require using spy satellite images or secret agents to collect information, all you need to gather OSINT online resources is a computer and an Internet connection. And, of course, you need the required searching skills.

As technology proliferates and the volume of available data increases, government departments, nongovernmental organization (NGO) organizations, and business corporations are starting to rely to a large extent on OSINT rather than private and classified information. This book will teach you how to exploit OSINT sources to search for and gather information online. In this chapter, we will describe the term OSINT, discuss the types of OSIN, and talk about different parties benefits from using OSINT and their motivations, as well as trends and challenges for the future. In later chapters, we will cover how to use a plethora of tools and techniques to acquire data from publicly available sources.

Open Source Information Categories

There are different kinds of information that you may encounter when conducting OSINT analysis. According to the NATO Open Source Intelligence Handbook V1.2 published in 2001, there are four categories of open information and intelligence.

Open source data (OSD) : This is generic data coming from a primary source. Examples include satellite images, telephone call data and metadata, datasets, survey data, photographs, and audio or video recordings that have recorded an event.
Open source information (OSINF) : This is generic data that has undergone some filtering first to meet a specific criterion or need; this data can also be called a secondary source. Examples include books about a specific subject, articles, dissertations, artworks, and interviews.

Note!

The set of sources legally available to the public through specific channels is called gray literature . These sources include books, journals, dissertations, technical reports, and internal documents of commercial enterprises, commercial imagery, and any information that is controlled by its producer. Gray literature is a major element of OSINF and can be obtained legally by acquiring the permission of its copyright holder or by paying for it (for example, through subscriptions agencies, commercial bookstores, and so on).

Open source intelligence (OSINT) : This includes all the information that has been discovered, filtered, and designated to meet a specific need or purpose. This information can be used directly in any intelligence context. OSINT can be defined in a nutshell as the output of open source material processing.
Validated OSINT (OSINT-V) : This is OSINT with a high degree of certainty; the data should be confirmed (verified) using a non-OSINT source or from a highly reputable OSINT source. This is essential, as some outside adversaries may spread inaccurate OSINT information with the intent to mislead OSINT analysis. A good example of this is when a TV station broadcasts live the arrival of a president to another country; such information is OSINT, but it has a large degree of certainty.

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