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Book:
Programming in HTML: Completed In 1 DAY
Author:
LRN / AYOUB
Publisher:
UNKNOWN
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Books / Computer
Year:
2020
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Programming in
H T M L

Contents

1 IntroducingHTML...................................
1.1 Introducing the Tools ............................... 1
1.1.1 What Is an HTML Document? ................... 1
1.1.2 How Do You Create HTML Documents?............ 2
1.1.3 Some Typographic Conventions Used in This Book .... 4
1.1.4 Finding More Information About HTML ............ 5
1.2 Your First HTML Document.......................... 5
1.3 Accessing HTML Documents on the Web ................ 7
1.4 Another Example..................................

2 HTML Document Basics ............................... 11
2.1 Documents, Elements, Attributes, and Values .............. 11
2.1.1 Documents and Their Essential Elements ............ 11
2.1.2 Some Other Important Elements .................. 12
2.2 HTML Syntax and Style............................. 18
2.3 Creating and Organizing a Website ..................... 20
2.4 Selecting and Using Colors........................... 25
2.5 Using Cascading Style Sheets ......................... 26
2.6 Another Example..................................

3 HTML Tables,Forms, Lists,and Frames ................... 33
3.1 The t a b l e Element ............................... 33
3.1.1 Table Formatting............................. 33
3.1.2 Subdividing Tables into Sections.................. 38
3.1.3 Merging Cells Across Rows and Columns ........... 40
3.2 The f o r m and i n p u t Elements ....................... 41
3.3 Creating Pull-Down Lists ............................ 45
3.4 Combining Tables and Forms ......................... 46
3.5 HTML List Elements ............................... 49
3.6 HTML Frames ................................... 54
3.7 More Examples ................................... 58
3.7.1 Selecting Cloud Types from a List of Possibilities...... 58
3.7.2 ASplit Window Application ...................

Introducing HTML 1

This chapter provides an introduction to using HTML to create simple Web pages suitable for interfacing with PHP applications. Several examples show how to modify the appearance of a document by using HTML tags and their attributes.

1. Introducing the Tools 1. What Is an HTML Document?

HTML is an acronym for HyperText Markup Language. HTML docu- ments, the foundation of all content appearing on the World Wide Web (WWW), consist of two essential parts: information content and a set of instructions that tells your computer how to display that content. These instructionsthe markup, in editorial jargoncomprise the HTML language. It is not a programming language in the traditional sense, but rather a set of instructions about how to display content in a Web browser. Ideally, online content should look the same regardless of the browser being used or the operating system on which the browser resides. This goal of complete platform independence is achieved only approximately in practice.

Every HTML document should contain a minimum of four elements:

< / h t m l > < t i t l e >< / t i t l e >

These elements de fine the essential parts of an HTML document: the document itself, a heading section, a title section, and a body. All four elements should be included even if they dont enclose any content. Every HTML element is defined by one or two tagsusually a start tag and an end tag. Tags are always enclosed in angle brackets: <>. End tags start with a slash (/). A few HTML elements have only one tag.

The four basic elements are organized as follows within an HTML document:

< t i t l e > < / t i t l e >

< / h t m l >

The h tm l tag encloses all other tags and defines the boundaries of the HTML document. We will return to the other tags later. The indenting used to set off pairs of tags is optional, but it makes documents easier to create, read, and edit. This style is part of good programming practice in all languages.

HTML documents are usually used as to distribute information for access on the Web. However, for the purposes of this book, HTML documents will be used along with the PHP programming language to create an environment for solving a wide range of computing problems.

Good programming technique often involves separating the input/output (I/O) interface from the underlying calculations that do the work of a program. The HTML/PHP programming environment provides a conceptually elegant means of implementing this strategy. An HTML document provides the I/O interface and PHP handles the calculations. An advantage of HTML is that it provides a wealth of interface possibilities that far surpass those of older text-based languages.

1.1.2 How Do You Create HTML Documents?

Because HTML documents are just text documents, they can be created with any text editor. Even Windows very basic Notepad application is a workable choice for simple tasks.Once HTMLfiles have been created, you can open them in your computers browser, hopefully without regard to which browser you are using. As long as you give such documents an .htm or . h t m lfile name extension, they should automatically open in your browser when you double-click on thefile name. Although Windows documents are no longer restricted to three-letter extensions, a convention dating back to the preWindows days of MS-DOS operating systems, the three-letter .htm extension is often used on Windows systems. The four-letter . h t m l extension is commonly used on UNIX systems. However, either extension is perfectly acceptable.

When you save afile in Notepad, the default extension is . t x t , so you will have to specify .htm or . h t m l as afile extension.

There is one other consequence of using Windows computers for creating all the code examples in this text: Windowsfile names are caseinsensitive, while on UNIX systems, all spellings, includingfile names and commands, are case-sensitive. In Windows, you can name a document newDocument.htm. Later, you can spell it newdocument.htm, NEWDOCUMENT.HTM, or any other combination of uppercase and lowercase letters and it wont matter. On a UNIX system, thatfile will be recognized only with the originalspelling.

Although you can create text (and, therefore, HTML) documents with a full-featured word processor such as Microsoft Word, this is not recommended. When you save a word processor document it no longer contains just the text you have typed, but also all the layout and formatting information that goes with that document. You can choose to save a document as just text with an .htm extension, but it is easy to forget to do this.

Microsoft Word and other modern word-processing applications can also format any document as an HTML document. However, this is also not recommended. These converted documents may include a huge quantity of extraneous information and HTML instructions that make the resultingfile much larger and more complex than it needs to be. (To see this for yourself, save a Word document as an HTML document and then look at the result in a text editor such as Notepad!)

RTF ( rich text format) documents are also unacceptable, as they still retain some formatting information that is inappropriate for an HTML document. Any document that containssmart quotes rather than "straight quotes" can also cause problems, because smart quotes may not be displayed properly by browsers. (This is much less of a problem on current browsers than it used to be.)

There are commercial Web development tools that allow you to create Web pages without actually knowing anything about HTML. These applications are not suitable for use with this book. The obvious reason is that the primary purpose of the book is to show you how to write your own HTML documents to be used as an interface to a PHPfile. Also, these applications may create HTMLfiles that are much larger and more complex than they need to be. Such applications are better suited for Web development projects that involve a lot of the otherbells and whistles that make commercial Web pages attractive.

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