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Verma - Important Concept of Arduino Programming for Beginners: Basic C Language Concept for Arduino Programming

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Important Concept
of Arduino Programming for Beginners
In this book all the important concepts of c language are explained, which are more required in Arduino programming.
Author
Vijay Verma
Dedicate-
This book is for all those students who want to learn how to create Arduino Program. And if you want to make projects based on your ideas, then all of them can take help of this book. With the help of this book, from 8 class students to 12 class students, it can get the basic knowledge of Arduino projects. This book is also for all those students . Those who either doing engineering or want to do engineering (Electronics Engineering, Electronics Communication Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Information Technology Engineering). This book will help them to complete their basic for all of them. After reading this book and using all its formulas, you will found the increment in your knowledge, And I can say this with conviction.
Introduction
It is very important for all of you to know basic concepts of c language to understand the programming of Arduino . Therefore, in this book important concepts of C language are explained in details, the concepts which are more required in Arduino programming.
C Basic Concept
C & C ++ is a computer based language. And computer language is the medium of communication between humans and machines. So through these computer languages, we can tell machines. What machine to do.
firstly we have to learn basic letters of language. Then with the help of those basic letter we learn to make words. Then we will learn to form sentence with help of words. When we learn to make sentences in a language, further we learn to make programs in that language.
BASIC LETTER- The basic letter is as follows.
1- All letters from A to Z
2- All letters up to a to z
3- All symbols are also basic letter
IDENTIFIERS- In the C language, the words that are formed from the basic letter, are known as Identifiers. These identifiers are categorized on the basis of their working. But now we will talk about most probable three Identifiers which is still necessary. i.e.
Constant, Variable, Keywords
1.Constant- Here it was asked for Constant Software. Each software manages some information. So the information that the software manages, is called content for it.
There are two types of constants. Primary Constant and Secondary Constant
1-Primary Constant-
Consists Integer constant, Real Constant and Character Constant
(a) Integer Constant- Integer constant is a number. But these are the numbers which do not contain decimals. Like- 25,0,43, -55, etc.
(b) Real Constant- Real Constants are those numbers. In which there is decay. Like- 21.4,3.56, -0.065,2.0, etc.
(c) Character Constant - Character constants are those in which single quotes are placed above any symbol. Such as 'a', 'B', '+', '_', '2', etc.
(Note- '-3' is not a character constant because the condition of the character constant is that it should have only one symbol.
2-Secondary Constant - Secondary constants are those. Which are made with the help of primary constants.
2-Variable - " Variable in memory" is named that place. Where we have data.
3-Keywords - Each program has a lot of lines. Every single line have some words. Every single word is identifiers. The compiler reads each word and creates an object file. Thus every single word must be understand by compiler, the compiler must understand every word. Only then it will be able to translate it. But if we write the name of the variable in the program a compiler will not be able to understand it. That's why we need to comply the meaning of every single word in the program. But we do not need to tell some words to the compiler. The compiler already knows their meaning. Such words are known as keywords. There are 32 keywords in C Language.
Auto
double
Goto
signed
unsigned
Break
default
If
size of
Void
Case
enum
Int
Static
volatile
Char
else
Long
struct
while
Continue
extern
Register
switch
Const
for
Return
typedef
Do
float
Short
union
Data Type - There are five keywords in C language. Which are also known as data type. Int, char, float, double, void. Data types can be other than these. But we have to make them ourselves.
Primitive Data Type - Such words which are keyword as well as data type, Such words are called primitive data type.
Data Type Declaration - We cannot use more than one data type in a line in the program and the first word must be a data type. If we have written int first then the compiler will understand that now we are going to create variables. Through Data Type Declaration we decide how many variables we have to create.
Input/ Output Instruction-
Output Instruction- In our program, a statement that runs, the message is printed on the screen of the monitor, printing something on the screen will be called output. The output that will be printed is called as Output Instruction and for this we will use a Predefine Function called printf ().
Printf()
  • printf() is not a keyword.
  • printf() is a predefine function.
Function - function is a piece of code. We have to do many things in the program again and again. For this, the functions in the library of C language are already defined, we can use those functions. There are many more functions like printf (). In a library called predefine functions. We can also use printf () to print a message on screen and print the value of a variable. Ex-
main()
{
Printf(Vijay Verma);
}
Escape Sequence - Symbols which start with backslash '\' are known as escape sequence. These are of six types.
\n
\t
\b
\\
\
\r
  • With the help of printf () we can print the value of any variable or expression. Ex-
main() {
int a=4,b=5;
printf(%d,a);
}
[Note- Action Statement will be written only after Declaration Statement]
If we print the value of a in the program and if we write in ("a") then it is wrong. This will print (a) but the value of (a) will not print. In the program given a = 4, we have to print the value 4 of (a). So for this we will write ("% d", a). This will print the value 4 of (a) on the screen. This is a special symbol which does not print itself, but instead it prints the value of the variable or the value of the expression.
(%) Symbols starting with Percent are called format specifiers. like-
%d
Int
%f
Float
%c
Char
%lf
Double
The type the variable uses. The same type of specifier has to be used.
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