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Vogel - The Pentagon: a history: the untold story of the wartime race to build the Pentagon--and to restore it sixty years later

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The Pentagon: a history: the untold story of the wartime race to build the Pentagon--and to restore it sixty years later: summary, description and annotation

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The creation of the Pentagon in seventeen whirlwind months during World War II is one of the great construction feats in American history, involving a tremendous mobilization of manpower, resources, and minds. In astonishingly short order, Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell conceived and built an institution that ranks with the White House, the Vatican, and a handful of other structures as symbols recognized around the world. Now veteran military reporter Steve Vogel reveals for the first time the remarkable story of the Pentagons construction, from its dramatic birth to its rebuilding after the September 11 attack. At the center of the story is the tempestuous but courtly Somervelldynamite in a Tiffany box, as he was once described. In July 1941, the Army construction chief sprang the idea of building a single, huge headquarters that could house the entire War Department, then scattered in seventeen buildings around Washington. Somervell ordered drawings produced in one weekend and, despite a firestorm of opposition, broke ground two months later, vowing that the building would be finished in little more than a year. Thousands of workers descended on the site, a raffish Virginia neighborhood known as Hells Bottom, while an army of draftsmen churned out designs barely one step ahead of their execution. Seven months later the first Pentagon employees skirted seas of mud to move into the building and went to work even as construction roared around them. The colossal Army headquarters helped recast Washington from a sleepy southern town into the bustling center of a reluctant empire. Vivid portraits are drawn of other key figures in the drama, among them Franklin D. Roosevelt, the president who fancied himself an architect; Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall, both desperate for a home for the War Department as the country prepared for battle; Colonel Leslie R. Groves, the ruthless force of nature who oversaw the Pentagons construction (as well as the Manhattan Project to create an atomic bomb); and John McShain, the charming and dapper builder who used his relationship with FDR to help land himself the contract for the biggest office building in the world. The Pentagons post-World War II history is told through its critical moments, including the troubled birth of the Department of Defense during the Cold War, the tense days of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the tumultuous 1967 protest against the Vietnam War. The pivotal attack on September 11 is related with chilling new detail, as is the race to rebuild the damaged Pentagon, a restoration that echoed the spirit of its creation. This study of a single enigmatic building tells a broader story of modern American history, from the eve of World War II to the new wars of the twenty-first century. Steve Vogel has crafted a dazzling work of military social history that merits comparison with the best works of David Halberstam or David McCullough. Like its namesake, The Pentagon is a true landmark.

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The Pentagon a history the untold story of the wartime race to build the Pentagon--and to restore it sixty years later - photo 1

The Pentagon a history the untold story of the wartime race to build the Pentagon--and to restore it sixty years later - image 2

The Pentagon a history the untold story of the wartime race to build the Pentagon--and to restore it sixty years later - image 3

The Pentagon a history the untold story of the wartime race to build the Pentagon--and to restore it sixty years later - image 4

PART I
THE MAKING OF THE PENTAGON

PART II
THE REMAKING OF THE PENTAGON

TO MY PARENTS,
DONALD AND JOAN VOGEL

GO SIR, GALLOP, AND DONT FORGET THAT THE WORLD WAS MADE IN SIX DAYS. YOU CAN ASK ME FOR ANYTHING YOU LIKE, EXCEPT TIME.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

Map by Laris Karklis Brenna Maloney Map showing Washington DC Arlington - photo 5

Map by Laris Karklis & Brenna Maloney

Map showing Washington, D.C., Arlington County, Virginia, and environs in the summer of 1941.

Map by Laris Karklis Brenna Maloney The Pentagon and environs December 1 - photo 6

Map by Laris Karklis Brenna Maloney The Pentagon and environs December - photo 7

Map by Laris Karklis & Brenna Maloney

The Pentagon and environs December 1942 US Army map US Army Corps of - photo 8


The Pentagon and environs, December 1942, U.S. Army map (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Office of History)

Map of Washington, D.C., in 1941 by Laris Karklis and Brenna Maloney

Pentagon timeline by Laris Karklis and Brenna Maloney

Irregular Pentagon sketch for early plot plan (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Office of History)

Photo of Somervell in 1941 by Harris & Ewing (The Washington Post photo archives)

Somervell as bricklayer cartoon 1941 by The Washington Post, reprinted by permission

Stathes aerial perspective drawing (National Archives)

Original site map (National Archives)

FDR heaven cartoon 1941 by The Washington Post, reprinted by permission

Pentagon overlay on 187879 map. Original map: G. M. Hopkins, Griffith Morgan. Philadelphia: G. M. Hopkins, 1879, c. 1878 (Library of Congress). Overlay: Daniel Koski-Karell, Technical Report: Historical and Archaeological Background Research of the GSA Pentagon Complex Project Area, 1986. (Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington Historical Office)

Architects rendering, October 1941 (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Office of History)

Aerial photo with blimp. U.S. Army photo (Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington Historical Office)

Aerial photo by Harry Goodwin, showing the Pentagon construction site right before Pearl Harbor 1941 by The Washington Post, reprinted by permission

Field progress report, May 1942 (National Archives)

Soldiers in hallway, U.S. Army photo (Pentagon Library)

Popular Science schematic (Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington Historical Office)

Capitol from Popular Mechanics 1943 by The Hearst Corporation, reprinted by permission

Somervell and Stimson cartoon 1944 by The Washington Post, reprinted by permission

Empire State Building graphic (Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington Historical Office)

Pentagon tower drawing, U.S. Army (The Washington Post photo archives)

Rendering of Pentagon memorial (Pentagon Memorial Fund)

Officer in concourse showing Brazilian visitors model of the Pentagon, 1946 U.S. Army photo (The Washington Post photo archives)

Photo of marchers in front of Pentagon (The Washington Post photo archives)

Map of the march on the Pentagon by Mike Jenkins, Peter Jenkins, and Brad Goodwin

Pentagon renovation logo, the Pentagon Renovation and Construction program (PENREN)

The damaged Pentagon on September 11, 2001 (Department of Defense)

The planes path on 9/11, adapted by Michael Keegan from an original 2002 graphic by Doug Stevens and Brenna Maloney in The Washington Post, reprinted by permission

Aerial photo showing the Phoenix Project, Pentagon Renovation and Construction program (PENREN)

Rendering of Pentagon memorial (Pentagon Memorial Fund)

PART I Ranks and titles are primarily as of 1941 The BuildersArmy - photo 9


PART I

(Ranks and titles are primarily as of 1941)

The BuildersArmy

Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell, chief of the Armys Construction Division, later commander of Army Services of Supply

Colonel Leslie R. Groves, chief of operations and later deputy chief of Construction Division, later head of the Manhattan Project

Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Pat Casey, chief of design for Construction Division

Captain Clarence Renshaw, constructing quartermaster/engineer for the Pentagon project

Lieutenant Robert Furman, executive officer for the Pentagon project

The BuildersContractors and Architects

John McShain, chief contractor for the Pentagon project

J. Paul Hauck, job superintendent for the Pentagon project

G. Edwin Bergstrom, chief architect for the War Department

David Witmer, chief assistant to Bergstrom, later his replacement

Luther Leisenring, chief of the architects specifications section

Ides van der Gracht, chief of production for the Pentagon design team

Socrates Thomas Red Stathes, a draftsman

Larry Lemmon, a draftsman

The White House

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Harry Hopkins, special adviser to FDR and former head of the Works Projects Administration

Major General Edwin Pa Watson, the presidents military aide

Harold Smith, director of the White House budget office

Harold Ickes, secretary of the interior

The War Department

Henry L. Stimson, secretary of war

General George C. Marshall, Army chief of staff

Robert Patterson, under secretary of war

John J. McCloy, assistant secretary of war

Robert Lovett, assistant secretary of war for air

William Hastie, civilian aide to Stimson

Members of Congress

Senator Harry S. Truman, Democrat of Missouri, chairman of Senate special committee investigating national defense; in April 1945 succeeded FDR as president

Representative Clifton Woodrum, Democrat of Virginia, member of House Appropriations Committee

Representative Merlin Hull, Progressive of Wisconsin

Senator Carter Glass, Democrat of Virginia, chairman of Senate Appropriations Committee

Representative Albert Engel, Republican of Michigan, member of House Military Appropriations subcommittee

Civilian Commissioners and Staff

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