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Lee, George Washington,--1894- , African Americans--Politics and government--Biography.
publication date
:
1971
lcc
:
E185.97.L43T8 1971eb
ddc
:
323.4/0924
subject
:
Lee, George Washington,--1894- , African Americans--Politics and government--Biography.
Page i
Lieutenant Lee of Beale Street
Page ii
GEORGE W. LEE
Page iii
Lieutenant Lee of Beale Street
David M. Tucker
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY PRESS Nashville, 1971
Page iv
Copyright 1971 Vanderbilt University Press "Black Pride and Negro Business in the 1920s" Copyright 1969 by Business History Review Reprinted by permission of copyright holder International Standard Book Number 0826511724 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 76157743
Printed in the United States of America by Heritage Printers, Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina Bound by Nicholstone Book Bindery, Nashville, Tennessee
Page v
for Cyndy
Page vii
Acknowledgments
Professor August Meier generously provided encouragement, information, and criticism. Local black historians, Mr. Nat D. Williams of Booker T. Washington High School and Mr. Fred L. Hutchins, author of What Happened in Memphis (1965), were invaluable sources for their community's history. Professor Aaron Boom first brought Lieutenant Lee to my attention and then provided me with a research grant from Memphis State University. The National Endowment for the Humanities contributed a summer fellowship for the completion of the study.
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Preface
This book is about Lieutenant George Washington Lee, a Negro who was raised on a Mississippi cotton patch and yet managed to carve out a career of prestige and recognition as an Army lieutenant, a wealthy Memphis businessman, a novelist, a fraternal leader of the Negro Elks, and a Republican politician. He was the South's last black patronage boss until he went down in defeat at the Goldwater Republican Convention in 1964.
George Lee exemplifies a distinctive social type that long existed in urban America: the old-style Negro leader. His job was to trade ethnic votes for campaign promises, a task that called for the greatest ambassadorial skill. If the leader failed to speak successfully for racial goals, the community rejected his leadership; if he pressed the demands of his people too aggressively, white society refused to traffic with him. The opportunity for change was limited in a southern city such as Memphis, but the young George Lee made the most of what opportunity there was. Although compelled to negotiate within the prejudices of a city in Dixie, Lee managed to make his role as race leader a creative and purposeful one.
Unlike most of his class, George Lee was highly literate and articulated, as a writer and orator, the experiences of a white-collar Negro in the urban South. As an insurance executive who joined the first generation of black capitalists in building the great financial institutions, Lee shared the faith of rising black businessmen who believed that they were liberating the
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race from poverty and discrimination. The Negro businessmen of the twenties did provide the most militant advocates of black pride in Memphis, and George Lee was their most eloquent spokesman. Because Lee was born one year before Booker T. Washington first proposed the "Atlanta Compromise" and continued into the era of Stokely Carmichael's "Black Power," his story provides an important perspective on more than fifty years of the social history of America's black middle class.
In telling Lieutenant Lee's story, I have presented a more sympathetic picture of the white-collar Negro than the sociological caricature drawn during recent decades by E. Franklin Frazier and Nathan Hare, which portrayed the Negro bourgeoisie as a pompous, deluded, and psychotic group for whom life could have neither "content nor significance." Lee, to be sure, had his own pretentions and love for titles, but until his later years these rarely impaired his work for racial progress. George Lee's motives, like those of most men, were mixed: he was moved by ambition and selflessness, by a vain craving for fame and power, and by a concern for elevating his race.
I have written as a biographer-historian, making special use of oral interviews in which Lieutenant Lee was always loquacious and generally candid. Eager to lodge his name in history, he opened all of his scrapbooks and some of his letter files, until he learned he could not control the manuscript, at which time he withdrew his permission to quote from his unpublished writings. Lieutenant Lee would have preferred a eulogy but I have presented him with his blemishes as well as his virtues, so that the record might be full and honest.
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